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git学习7-分支管理-解决冲突

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git学习7-分支管理-解决冲突

人生不如意事常八九，合并分支往往也不是一帆风顺的。

写在开始本节学习之前

在开始本节学习之前，笔者需要清理本地操作，以便按廖老师的课程继续学习。在清理过程中发现：

  1. Git不允许删除当前分支（比如feature1），需切换当前分支至master，然后才允许删除feature1分支；
  2. 切换分支后，Git会自动提示我们当前master分支比远程的master分支要超前1个提交。如Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (feature1)
□□ git branch
* feature1
  master
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (feature1)
□□ git branch -d feature1
error: Cannot delete branch 'feature1' checked out at 'E:/pyc_study'
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (feature1)
□□ git switch master
Switched to branch 'master'
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git branch -d feature1
Deleted branch feature1 (was 915ed39).
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git push origin master
Enumerating objects: 5, done.
Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
Delta compression using up to 8 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 406 bytes | 203.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
To bitbucket.org:carysunqd/pyc_study.git
   2d69ef5..915ed39  master -> master
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□

从代码可以看得出，在下用上了cmder的bash来操作Git。实践出真知。

  1. 感觉cmder bash与Git bash，也没啥差别，也可能目前没有发现。
  2. 使用cmder的cmd操作Git当然也可以。但碍于cmd的vim是windows的，而非cmder的，当使用vim <file>打开当前目录下文件时，需要绝对路径，比较麻烦。当然可以通过windows里PATH环境变量的改变来解决，但那样又会导致Windows里gvim的打开问题，不折腾得好。
  3. 总体感觉cmder bash与Git bash更配套。

制造冲突（Conflict）

好了，现在转入正题，准备新的feature1分支，继续我们的新分支开发：

21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git status
On branch master
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.

nothing to commit, working tree clean
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git branch
* master
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git switch -c feature1
Switched to a new branch 'feature1'
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (feature1)
□□ git branch
* feature1
  master
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (feature1)
□□ vim README.md

修改README.md最后一行，改为：

Creating a new branch is quick AND simple.

在feature1分支上提交：

21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (feature1)
□□ git add README.md
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (feature1)
□□ git status
On branch feature1
Changes to be committed:
  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
        modified:   README.md

21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (feature1)
□□ git commit -m "AND simple"
[feature1 53a3d1f] AND simple
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (feature1)
□□

切换到master分支：

21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (feature1)
□□ git switch master
Switched to branch 'master'
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git status
On branch master
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.

nothing to commit, working tree clean
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□  vim README.md

在master分支上把README.md文件的最后一行改为：

Creating a new branch is quick & simple.

提交：

21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git status
On branch master
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.

Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
        modified:   README.md

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git add README.md
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git commit -m "& simple"
[master d71bde7] & simple
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□

现在，master分支和feature1分支各自都分别有新的提交，变成了这样：

git学习7-分支管理-解决冲突 - 文章图片

git学习7-分支管理-解决冲突 - 文章图片

合并（Merge），发生冲突（Conflict）

这种情况下，Git无法执行“快速合并”，只能试图把各自的修改合并起来，但这种合并就可能会有冲突，我们试试看：

21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git merge feature1
Auto-merging README.md
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in README.md
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master|MERGING)
□□

果然冲突了！Git告诉我们，README.md文件存在冲突，必须手动解决冲突后再提交。git status也可以告诉我们冲突的文件：

21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master|MERGING)
□□ git status
On branch master
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

You have unmerged paths.
  (fix conflicts and run "git commit")
  (use "git merge --abort" to abort the merge)

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)
        both modified:   README.md

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master|MERGING)
□□

解决冲突：手工编辑冲突文件并提交

我们可以直接查看README.md的内容：

  1 # README #
  2 本文件由Bitbucket创建Repository时创建，首次由PyCharm进行编辑。
  3 通过PyCharm
  4 - 提交（Ctrl+K）
  5 - 推送（Ctrl+Shift+K）  与搜狗输入法快捷键冲突。
  6
  7 此处由Bitbucket进行编辑，需PyCharm更新才可以观察到更改。
  8 - 更新（Ctrl+T）
  9
 10 ## 此处由carysLaptop小黑修改。
 11
 12 This README would normally document whatever steps are necessary to get your application up and running.
 13
 14 ## 0423 HaierLaptop modified
 15 Creating a new branch is quick.
 16
 17 <<<<<<< HEAD
 18 ## master
 19 Creating a new branch is quick & simple.
 20 =======
 21 ## git branch 'feature1'
 22 Creating a new branch is quick AND simple.
 23
 24
 25
 26 >>>>>>> feature1
 27
 28 ### What is this repository for? ###

Git用<<<<<<<，=======，>>>>>>>标记出不同分支的内容，我们修改如下后保存：

Creating a new branch is quick and simple.

再提交：

21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master|MERGING)
□□ vim README.md
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master|MERGING)
□□ git add README.md
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master|MERGING)
□□ git status
On branch master
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

All conflicts fixed but you are still merging.
  (use "git commit" to conclude merge)

Changes to be committed:
        modified:   README.md

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
        .README.md.swp

21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master|MERGING)
□□ git commit -m "conflict fixed"
[master bdffc59] conflict fixed
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git status
On branch master
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 3 commits.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
        .README.md.swp

nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ rm .README.md.swp
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git status
On branch master
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 3 commits.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

nothing to commit, working tree clean
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□

查看分支

现在，master分支和feature1分支变成了下图所示：

git学习7-分支管理-解决冲突 - 文章图片

git学习7-分支管理-解决冲突 - 文章图片

用带参数的git log也可以看到分支的合并情况：

21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
*   bdffc59 (HEAD -> master) conflict fixed
|\
| * 53a3d1f (feature1) AND simple
* | d71bde7 & simple
|/
* 915ed39 (origin/master, origin/HEAD) branch dev modified
* 2d69ef5 modify main.py from little black
* 40e5382 from carysLaptop little black
* 1aa2f87 README.md 已在 Bitbucket 中，在线编辑过。
* a2252ec modify readme.md
* 5cd5ad8 from haierLaptop PyCharm Ver01
* 2d5f4c7 Initial commit
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git log --graph --pretty=oneline
*   bdffc59a810cf74cc9e364b306c0ada677560bf4 (HEAD -> master) conflict fixed
|\
| * 53a3d1fab392c02318a31e708290381e77b7ff73 AND simple
* | d71bde74723082e9448543532b1d3a0f42a16e5b & simple
|/
* 915ed39bfbced0fda0a9d521a54874e544d563f3 (origin/master, origin/HEAD) branch dev modified
* 2d69ef50aec19fd3172ac24a3f943d39b9f7509b modify main.py from little black
* 40e53821936a0406a38f4aeba1fb80e0d1ca7c45 from carysLaptop little black
* 1aa2f87574ec03c9f4d2f20521d1c9a1344f0bea README.md 已在 Bitbucket 中，在线编辑过。
* a2252ecec2970f8c8ecd386814a25a3bfd3884ae modify readme.md
* 5cd5ad8f696e11287698a7dd57a12492c69d5319 from haierLaptop PyCharm Ver01
* 2d5f4c7f3c4bc44c5ff791f88788c5f51f0336d7 Initial commit
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git branch
  feature1
* master
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□ git branch -d feature1
Deleted branch feature1 (was 53a3d1f).
21CARYC34 /e/pyc_study (master)
□□

小结

当Git无法自动合并分支时，就必须首先解决冲突。解决冲突后，再提交，合并完成。

解决冲突就是把Git合并失败的文件手动编辑为我们希望的内容，再提交。

用git log --graph命令可以看到分支合并图。

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