pythonre正则表达式模块(RegularExpression)
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内容图文
模块的的作用主要是用于字符串和文本处理，查找，搜索，替换等
复习一下基本的正则表达式吧
.：匹配除了换行符以为的任意单个字符
*：匹配任意字符，一个，零个，多个都能匹配得到 俗称贪婪模式
+：匹配位于+之前的一个或者多个字符
|：匹配位于|之前或者之后的字符
^：匹配行首
$：匹配行尾
?：匹配位于？之前的零个或者一个字符，不匹配多个字符
\：表示 \ 之后的为转义字符
[]：匹配[]之中的任意单个字符,[0-9]表示匹配0到9任意一个数字
()：将位于()之内的的内容当作一个整体
{}：按{}中的次数进行匹配，100[0-9]{3}表示在100之后任意匹配一个3位数（100-999）
python中以\开头的元字符：
特殊序列符号
|
意义 |
\A
|
只在字符串开始进行匹配 |
\Z
|
只在字符串结尾进行匹配 |
\b
|
匹配位于开始或结尾的空字符串 |
\B
|
匹配不位于开始或结尾的空字符串 |
\d
|
相当于[0-9] |
\D
|
相当于[^0-9] |
\s
|
匹配任意空白字符:[\t\n\r\r\v] |
\S
|
匹配任意非空白字符:[^\t\n\r\r\v] |
\w
|
匹配任意数字和字母:[a-zA-Z0-9] |
\W
|
匹配任意非数字和字母:[^a-zA-Z0-9] |
正则表达式语法表
| 语法 |
意义 |
说明 |
| "." |
任意字符 |
|
| "^" |
字符串开始 |
'^hello'匹配'helloworld'而不匹配'aaaahellobbb' |
| "$" |
字符串结尾 |
与上同理 |
"*"
|
0 个或多个字符（贪婪匹配）
|
<*>匹配chinaunix |
"+"
|
1 个或多个字符（贪婪匹配）
|
与上同理
|
"?"
|
0 个或多个字符（贪婪匹配）
|
与上同理
|
*?,+?,??
|
以上三个取第一个匹配结果（非贪婪匹配） |
<*>匹配</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="word-wrap: break-word">
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">{m,n}</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">对于前一个字符重复m到n次，{m}亦可</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">a{6}匹配6个a、a{2,4</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">}匹配2到4个a</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="word-wrap: break-word">
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">{m,n}?</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: normal; font-size: 14px">对于前一个字符重复m到n次，并取尽可能少</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">‘aaaaaa</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">'中a{2,4}只会匹配2个</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="word-wrap: break-word">
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">"\\"</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">特殊字符转义或者特殊序列</span></td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="word-wrap: break-word">
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">[]</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">表示一个字符集</span></td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">[0-9]、[a-z</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">]、[A-Z</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">]、[^0]</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="word-wrap: break-word">
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">"|"</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">或</span></td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">A|B,或运算</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="word-wrap: break-word">
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">(...)</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">匹配括号中任意表达式</span></td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="word-wrap: break-word">
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">(?#...)</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">注释，可忽略</span></td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="word-wrap: break-word">
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">(?=...)</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">Matches if ... matches next, but doesn't consume the string.</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">'(?=test)' </span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">在hellotest中匹配hello</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="word-wrap: break-word">
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">(?!...)</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">Matches if ... doesn't match next.</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: normal; font-size: 14px">'(?!=test)'</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span> </span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">若hello后面不为test，匹配hello</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="word-wrap: break-word">
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">(?<=...) </span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">Matches if preceded by ... (must be fixed length).</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: normal"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">'(?<=hello</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">)test' </span></span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">在hellotest中匹配test</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="word-wrap: break-word">
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">(?<!...)</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">Matches if not preceded by ... (must be fixed length).</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
<td style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; padding-top: 0px"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; white-space: normal; font-size: 14px">'(?<!hello)</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px">test' 在hellotest中不匹配test</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word" />
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />
</p>
<p>匹配的标志和含义</p>
<p>
<table border="8" align="left" style="border-bottom: silver 1px solid; text-align: left; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 0px; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255,255,255); text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-spacing: 0px; width: 320px; padding-right: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; font: 14px/21px Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; height: 141px; color: rgb(0,0,0); border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px">
<tbody style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">
<tr style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">
<td style="border-bottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px"><strong style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px"><span style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-size: 12px; padding-top: 0px">标志</span></strong></td>
<td style="border-bottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px"><strong style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px"><span style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-size: 12px; padding-top: 0px">含义</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">
<td style="border-bottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px"><span style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-size: 13px; padding-top: 0px">re.I</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px"><span style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-size: 13px; padding-top: 0px">忽略大小写</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">
<td style="border-bottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px"><span style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-size: 13px; padding-top: 0px">re.L</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px"><span style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-size: 13px; padding-top: 0px">根据本地设置而更改\w,\W,\b,\B,\s,\S的匹配内容</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">
<td style="border-bottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px"><span style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-size: 13px; padding-top: 0px">re.M</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px"><span style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-size: 13px; padding-top: 0px">多行匹配模式</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">
<td style="border-bottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px"><span style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-size: 13px; padding-top: 0px">re.S</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px"><span style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-size: 13px; padding-top: 0px">使“.”元字符匹配换行符</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">
<td style="border-bottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px"><span style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-size: 13px; padding-top: 0px">re.U</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px"><span style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-size: 13px; padding-top: 0px">匹配Unicode字符</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px">
<td style="border-bottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px"><span style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-size: 13px; padding-top: 0px">re.X</span></td>
<td style="border-bottom: silver 1px solid; border-left: silver 1px solid; padding-bottom: 3px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: silver 1px solid; border-right: silver 1px solid; padding-top: 3px"><span style="padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font-size: 13px; padding-top: 0px">忽略需要匹配模式中的空格，并且可以使用"#"号注释</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
<div><br />
</p>
<p>文本内容（提取Linux下的password文件）</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:py;">
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/nologin
</script></pre>
</p>
<p>re模块中有３个搜索函数，每个函数都接受３个参数(匹配模式，要匹配的字符串，进行匹配的标志)，如果匹配到了就返回一个对象实例，么有就返会Ｎone．</p>
<p>findall():用于在字符串中查找符合正则表达式的字符串，并返回这些字符串的列表</p>
<p>search():搜索整个字符串，返回对象实例</p>
<p>match():只从第一个字符开始匹配，后面的不再匹配，返回对象实例</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:py;">
lovelinux@LoveLinux:~/py/boke$ cat text
man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/sh
lovelinux@LoveLinux:~/py/boke$ cat test.py
#/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
import re
with open('text','r') as txt:
f = txt.read()
print re.match('bin',f)
print re.search('bin',f).end()
lovelinux@LoveLinux:~/py/boke$ python test.py
None
34
lovelinux@LoveLinux:~/py/boke$ vim test.py
lovelinux@LoveLinux:~/py/boke$ python test.py
None
<_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x7f12fc9f9ed0>
</script></pre>
</p>
<p>返回是对象实例有２个方法，</p>
<p>start()：返回记录匹配到字符的开始索引 </p>
<p>end()：返回记录匹配到字符的结束索引</p>
<div class="jb51code">
<pre class="brush:py;">
lovelinux@LoveLinux:~/py/boke$ python test.py
None
31
34
lovelinux@LoveLinux:~/py/boke$ cat test.py
#/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
import re
with open('text','r') as txt:
f = txt.read()
print re.match('bin',f)
print re.search('bin',f).start()
print re.search('bin',f).end()
</script></pre><a href="http://www.laitingfm.com" /></a>
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