Working with LOBs in Oracle and PHP

Working with LOBs in Oracle and PHP 
by Harry Fuecks

Hitting the 4,000-byte limit? Enter LOBs...

Downloads for this article:   Oracle Database 10g   Zend Core for Oracle   Apache HTTP Server 1.3 and later

Working with Oracle types like VARCHAR2 is fine, but what if you need to be able to store more than its 4,000-byte limit in one go? For this task, you need one of Oracle‘s Long Object (LOB) types, which in turn requires that you learn how to use the PHP API for working with LOBs. That in itself can be daunting for those unfamiliar with it.

In this "Oracle+PHP Cookbook" HowTo, you will learn the available LOB types and issues related to them, then explore examples of common LOB operations in PHP.

Long Objects in Oracle

Oracle provides the following LOB types:

• BLOB, used to store binary data
• CLOB, used to store character data using the database character set encoding
• NCLOB, used to store Unicode character data using the national character set. Note that NCLOBs are, currently, not supported by the PHP OCI8 extension, which you‘ll be using here.
• BFILE, used to reference external files under the operating system‘s filesystem

Note that older versions of Oracle provided the LONG and LONG RAW types for character and binary data, respectively. With Oracle9ithese were deprecated in favor of LOBs.

LOB storage. For the BLOB, CLOB, and NCLOB types, Oracle Database 10g is capable of storing up to 128TB in a single value, depending on your database block size and the "chunk" setting, defined for the LOB.

A LOB itself comprises two elements: the LOB content and the LOB locator, which is a "pointer" to the LOB content. This separation is required to allow Oracle to store and manage LOBs efficiently and it is reflected in the PHP APIs you use to INSERT, UPDATE, andSELECT LOBs (see below).

For the internal LOB types (i.e. not BFILEs) Oracle will store the content of the LOB "in-line" in the table, with the rest of the row, if the size of the LOB is less than 4KB. LOBs larger than 4KB are stored "out-of-line," by default in the table‘s tablespace. This approach allows small LOBs to be retrieved quickly while, for large LOBs, access times will be slower but overall performance, when scanning the table, is preserved.

There are further options for LOB storage and access—such as memory caching and buffering—which may improve performance, depending on the specifics of your application. For further information see the LOB Performance Guidelines and the Oracle Database Application Developer‘s Guide - Large Objects in the Oracle documentation.

Restrictions on LOBs. A number of restrictions apply to the use of LOB types, the most important being their use in SQL statements. You cannot use a LOB type in any of the following queries.

SELECT DISTINCT <lob_type>
ORDER BY <lob_type>
GROUP BY <lob_col>

Further restrictions apply to other aspects of the use of LOBs, such as you cannot use LOB as a primary key column. Again, seeOracle Database Application Developer‘s Guide - Large Objects for details.

CLOBs and Character Sets

The default character set for your database is defined by the parameter NLS_CHARACTERSET and text placed in a CLOB is expected to be encoded using this character set. Use this SQL to determine your databases character set encoding:

SELECT value FROM nls_database_parameters WHERE parameter = ‘NLS_CHARACTERSET‘

ALTER DATABASE CHARACTER SET UTF8

Working with LOBs

The discussion here will focus on PHP‘s OCI8 extension. It‘s also worth noting that Oracle provides the DBMS_LOB package, containing parallel procedures and functions for working with LOBs using PL/SQL.

The PHP OCI8 extension registers a PHP class called "OCI-Lob" in the global PHP namespace. When you execute a SELECTstatement, for example, where one of columns is a LOB type, PHP will bind this automatically to an OCI-Lob object instance. Once you have a reference to an OCI-Lob object, you can then call methods like load() and save() to access or modify the contents of the LOB.

The available OCI-Lob methods will depend on your PHP version, PHP5 in particular having gained methods like read() , seek() , and append() . The PHP Manual is a little unclear, in this case, on the version numbers so if in doubt you can verify using the following script.

<?php
foreach (get_class_methods(‘OCI-Lob‘) as $method ) {
    print "OCI-Lob::$method()\n";
}
?>

OCI-Lob::load()
OCI-Lob::tell()
OCI-Lob::truncate()
OCI-Lob::erase()
OCI-Lob::flush()
OCI-Lob::setbuffering()
OCI-Lob::getbuffering()
OCI-Lob::rewind()
OCI-Lob::read()
OCI-Lob::eof()
OCI-Lob::seek()
OCI-Lob::write()
OCI-Lob::append()
OCI-Lob::size()
OCI-Lob::writetofile()
OCI-Lob::writetemporary()
OCI-Lob::close()
OCI-Lob::save()
OCI-Lob::savefile()
OCI-Lob::free()

The examples here will use the new PHP5 OCI function names (e.g. oci_parse instead of OCIParse ). Examples use the following sequence and table:

CREATE SEQUENCE mylobs_id_seq
    NOMINVALUE
    NOMAXVALUE
    NOCYCLE
    CACHE 20
    NOORDER
INCREMENT BY 1;

CREATE TABLE mylobs (
    id NUMBER PRIMARY KEY,
    mylob CLOB
)

Inserting a LOB

To INSERT an internal LOB, you first need to initialize the LOB using the respective Oracle EMPTY_BLOB or EMPTY_CLOB functions—you cannot update a LOB that contains a NULL value.

Once initialized, you then bind the column to a PHP OCI-Lob object and update the LOB content via the object‘s save() method.

The following script provides an example, returning the LOB type from the INSERT query:

<?php
// connect to DB etc...

$sql = "INSERT INTO
        mylobs
          (
            id,
            mylob
          )
       VALUES
          (
            mylobs_id_seq.NEXTVAL,
            --Initialize as an empty CLOB
            EMPTY_CLOB()
          )
       RETURNING
          --Return the LOB locator
          mylob INTO :mylob_loc";

$stmt = oci_parse($conn, $sql);

// Creates an "empty" OCI-Lob object to bind to the locator
$myLOB = oci_new_descriptor($conn, OCI_D_LOB);

// Bind the returned Oracle LOB locator to the PHP LOB object
oci_bind_by_name($stmt, ":mylob_loc", $myLOB, -1, OCI_B_CLOB);

// Execute the statement using , OCI_DEFAULT - as a transaction
oci_execute($stmt, OCI_DEFAULT)
    or die ("Unable to execute query\n");
    
// Now save a value to the LOB
if ( !$myLOB->save(‘INSERT: ‘.date(‘H:i:s‘,time())) ) {
    
    // On error, rollback the transaction
    oci_rollback($conn);
    
} else {

    // On success, commit the transaction
    oci_commit($conn);
    
}

// Free resources
oci_free_statement($stmt);
$myLOB->free();


// disconnect from DB etc.
?>

Note that if I was working with a BLOB type, the only change needed (assuming a BLOB column) is to the oci_bind_by_name call:

oci_bind_by_name($stmt, ":mylob_loc", $myLOB, -1, OCI_B_BLOB);

<?php
// etc.

$sql = "INSERT INTO
          mylobs
          (
            id,
            mylob
          )
        VALUES
          (
            mylobs_id_seq.NEXTVAL,
            :string
          )
";

$stmt = oci_parse($conn, $sql);

$string = ‘INSERT: ‘.date(‘H:i:s‘,time());

oci_bind_by_name($stmt, ‘:string‘, $string);

oci_execute($stmt)
    or die ("Unable to execute query\n");

// etc.
?>

Selecting a LOB

When a SELECT query contains a LOB column, PHP will automatically bind the column to an OCI-Lob object. For example:

<?php
// etc.

$sql = "SELECT
          *
        FROM
          mylobs
        ORDER BY
          Id
";

$stmt = oci_parse($conn, $sql);

oci_execute($stmt)
    or die ("Unable to execute query\n");

while ( $row = oci_fetch_assoc($stmt) ) {
    print "ID: {$row[‘ID‘]}, ";
    
    // Call the load() method to get the contents of the LOB
    print $row[‘MYLOB‘]->load()."\n";
}

// etc.
?>

while ( $row = oci_fetch_array($stmt, OCI_ASSOC+OCI_RETURN_LOBS) ) {
    print "ID: {$row[‘ID‘]}, {$row[‘MYLOB‘]}\n";
}

To UPDATE a LOB, it‘s also possible to use the "RETURNING" command in the SQL, as with the above INSERT example, but a simpler approach is to SELECT ... FOR UPDATE:

<?php
// etc.

$sql = "SELECT
           mylob
        FROM
           mylobs
        WHERE
           id = 3
        FOR UPDATE /* locks the row */
";

$stmt = oci_parse($conn, $sql);

// Execute the statement using OCI_DEFAULT (begin a transaction)
oci_execute($stmt, OCI_DEFAULT) 
    or die ("Unable to execute query\n");

// Fetch the SELECTed row
if ( FALSE === ($row = oci_fetch_assoc($stmt) ) ) {
    oci_rollback($conn);
    die ("Unable to fetch row\n");
}

// Discard the existing LOB contents
if ( !$row[‘MYLOB‘]->truncate() ) {
    oci_rollback($conn);
    die ("Failed to truncate LOB\n");
}

// Now save a value to the LOB
if ( !$row[‘MYLOB‘]->save(‘UPDATE: ‘.date(‘H:i:s‘,time()) ) ) {
    
    // On error, rollback the transaction
    oci_rollback($conn);
    
} else {

    // On success, commit the transaction
    oci_commit($conn);
    
}

// Free resources
oci_free_statement($stmt);
$row[‘MYLOB‘]->free();


// etc.
?>

For PHP 4.x, where truncate() is unavailable, the following alternative solution uses Oracle‘s EMPTY_CLOB() function to erase any existing contents in the LOB before saving new data to it.

$sql = "UPDATE
           mylobs
        SET
            mylob = EMPTY_CLOB()
        WHERE
           id = 2403
        RETURNING
            mylob INTO :mylob
";

$stmt = OCIParse($conn, $sql);

$mylob = OCINewDescriptor($conn,OCI_D_LOB);

OCIBindByName($stmt,‘:mylob‘,$mylob, -1, OCI_B_CLOB);

// Execute the statement using OCI_DEFAULT (begin a transaction)
OCIExecute($stmt, OCI_DEFAULT) 
    or die ("Unable to execute query\n");
    
if ( !$mylob->save( ‘UPDATE: ‘.date(‘H:i:s‘,time()) ) ) {
    
    OCIRollback($conn);
    die("Unable to update lob\n");
    
}

OCICommit($conn);
$mylob->free();
OCIFreeStatement($stmt);

When using the BFILE type, INSERTs and UPDATEs mean telling Oracle where the file is located within the filesystem of the database server (which may not be the same machine as the Web server), rather than passing the file content. Using a SELECT statement, you can read the contents of the BFILE through Oracle, should you so desire, or call functions and procedures from the DBMS_LOBpackage to get information about the file.

The main advantage of BFILEs is being able to access the original files directly from the filesystem while still being able to locate files using SQL. This means, for example, images can be served directly by the Web server while I can keep track of the relationship between the table containing the BFILES and, say, a "users" table, telling me who uploaded the files.

As an example, I first need to update the table schema used above;

ALTER TABLE mylobs ADD( mybfile BFILE )

CREATE DIRECTORY IMAGES_DIR AS ‘/home/harryf/public_html/images‘
GRANT READ ON DIRECTORY IMAGES_DIR TO scott

<?php
// etc.

// Build an INSERT for the BFILE names
$sql = "INSERT INTO
        mylobs
          (
            id,
            mybfile
          )
       VALUES
          (
            mylobs_id_seq.NEXTVAL,
            /*
            Pass the file name using the Oracle directory reference
            I created called IMAGES_DIR
            */
            BFILENAME(‘IMAGES_DIR‘,:filename)
          )";

$stmt = oci_parse($conn, $sql);

// Open the directory
$dir = ‘/home/harryf/public_html/images‘;
$dh = opendir($dir)
    or die("Unable to open $dir");

// Loop through the contents of the directory
while (false !== ( $entry = readdir($dh) ) ) {
    
    // Match only files with the extension .jpg, .gif or .png
    if ( is_file($dir.‘/‘.$entry) && preg_match(‘/\.(jpg|gif|png)$/‘,$entry) ) {
        
        // Bind the filename of the statement
        oci_bind_by_name($stmt, ":filename", $entry);
        
        // Execute the statement
        if ( oci_execute($stmt) ) {
            print "$entry added\n";
        }        
    }
    
}

<?php
// etc.

$sql = "SELECT
          id
        FROM
          mylobs
        WHERE
          -- Select only BFILES which are not null
          mybfile IS NOT NULL;

$stmt1 = oci_parse($conn, $sql);

oci_execute($stmt1)
    or die ("Unable to execute query\n");

$sql = "DECLARE
          locator BFILE;
          diralias VARCHAR2(30);
          filename VARCHAR2(30);
           
        BEGIN
          
          SELECT
            mybfile INTO locator
          FROM
            mylobs
          WHERE
            id = :id;
          
          -- Get the filename from the BFILE
          DBMS_LOB.FILEGETNAME(locator, diralias, filename);
          
          -- Assign OUT params to bind parameters
          :diralias:=diralias;
          :filename:=filename;
          
       END;";

$stmt2 = oci_parse($conn, $sql);

while ( $row = oci_fetch_assoc ($stmt1) ) {
    
    oci_bind_by_name($stmt2, ":id", $row[‘ID‘]);
    oci_bind_by_name ($stmt2, ":diralias", $diralias,30);
    oci_bind_by_name ($stmt2, ":filename", $filename,30);
    
    oci_execute($stmt2);
    print "{$row[‘ID‘]}: $diralias/$filename\n";
    
}
// etc.
?>

Conclusion

In this HowTo you have been introduced to the different types of LOBs available in Oracle Database 10g and hopefully now understand their role in allowing large data entities to be stored efficiently in the database. You have also learned how to work with LOBs using PHP‘s OCI8 API, covering the common use cases you will encounter while developing with Oracle and PHP.