PHP使用 tokent （令牌）进行登录
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一、用户认证问题
最初互联网用户认证一般流程如下：
1、用户登录，向服务器发送用户名和密码。
2、服务器验证用户信息通过后，在当前对话（session）里面保存相关数据，比如用户角色、登录时间等等。
3、服务器向用户返回一个 session_id，客户端获取后将这个session_id写入 Cookie。
4、用户随后的每一次请求，都会通过 Cookie，将 session_id 传回服务器。
5、服务器收到 session_id，找到前期保存的数据，由此得知用户的身份。
这种模式的问题在于：
1.扩展性不好。单机当然没有问题，如果是服务器集群，或者是跨域的服务导向架构，就要求 session 数据共享，每台服务器都能够读取 session
2.服务端为了存贮session同时快速的获取session，一般会选择将其存储在内存中，消耗服务器内存资源。
Token便是这些问题的一个解决方案：服务端不再保存任何客户数据，而是在用户最开始登录时生成一个令牌并返回给客户端，客户端每次请求带上令牌，服务端便知道请求的对象时谁，真正做到了无状态。
二、JWT(JSON Web Token)
JWT 的原理是，服务器认证以后，生成一个 JSON 对象。以后，用户与服务端通信的时候，都要发回这个 JSON 对象。服务器完全只靠这个对象认定用户身份。为了防止用户篡改数据，服务器在生成这个对象的时候，会加上签名并加密。
JWT 的最大缺点是，由于服务器不保存 session 状态，因此无法在使用过程中废止某个 token，或者更改 token 的权限。也就是说，一旦 JWT 签发了，在到期之前就会始终有效，除非服务器部署额外的逻辑。
也是由于这个原因，无法实现动态令牌效果，即在用户持续使用阶段不废止令牌，而在用户停止操作一段时间后废除令牌。
<?php
namespace app\home\controller;
use \DomainException;
use \InvalidArgumentException;
use \UnexpectedValueException;
use \DateTime;
class Jwt
{
const ASN1_INTEGER = 0x02;
const ASN1_SEQUENCE = 0x10;
const ASN1_BIT_STRING = 0x03;
//加密密钥
public static $key = 'qwerqwr12341234brqbwbsdafa';
//有效期检查
public static $leeway = 0;
//允许指定当前时间戳，默认为PHP的time()
public static $timestamp = null;
public static $supported_algs = array(
'ES256' => array('openssl', 'SHA256'),
'HS256' => array('hash_hmac', 'SHA256'),
'HS384' => array('hash_hmac', 'SHA384'),
'HS512' => array('hash_hmac', 'SHA512'),
'RS256' => array('openssl', 'SHA256'),
'RS384' => array('openssl', 'SHA384'),
'RS512' => array('openssl', 'SHA512'),
);
/**
* 将字符串编码为PHP对象
* @param string $jwt 原始未加密字串
* @param string|array|resource $key 加密钥匙，如果使用的时非对称加密，这里需要传输公钥
* @param array $allowed_algs 支持的验证算法列表
* @return object The JWT's payload as a PHP object
* @throws UnexpectedValueException Provided JWT was invalid
* @uses jsonDecode
* @uses urlsafeB64Decode
*/
public static function decode($jwt, $key, array $allowed_algs = array())
{
$timestamp = is_null(static::$timestamp) ? time() : static::$timestamp;
if (empty($key)) {
throw new InvalidArgumentException('Key may not be empty');
}
$tks = explode('.', $jwt);
if (count($tks) != 3) {
throw new UnexpectedValueException('Wrong number of segments');
}
list($headb64, $bodyb64, $cryptob64) = $tks;
if (null === ($header = static::jsonDecode(static::urlsafeB64Decode($headb64)))) {
throw new UnexpectedValueException('Invalid header encoding');
}
if (null === $payload = static::jsonDecode(static::urlsafeB64Decode($bodyb64))) {
throw new UnexpectedValueException('Invalid claims encoding');
}
if (false === ($sig = static::urlsafeB64Decode($cryptob64))) {
throw new UnexpectedValueException('Invalid signature encoding');
}
if (empty($header->alg)) {
throw new UnexpectedValueException('Empty algorithm');
}
if (empty(static::$supported_algs[$header->alg])) {
throw new UnexpectedValueException('Algorithm not supported');
}
if (!in_array($header->alg, $allowed_algs)) {
throw new UnexpectedValueException('Algorithm not allowed');
}
if ($header->alg === 'ES256') {
// OpenSSL expects an ASN.1 DER sequence for ES256 signatures
$sig = self::signatureToDER($sig);
}
if (is_array($key) || $key instanceof \ArrayAccess) {
if (isset($header->kid)) {
if (!isset($key[$header->kid])) {
throw new UnexpectedValueException('"kid" invalid, unable to lookup correct key');
}
$key = $key[$header->kid];
} else {
throw new UnexpectedValueException('"kid" empty, unable to lookup correct key');
}
}
// 检查签名
if (!static::verify("$headb64.$bodyb64", $sig, $key, $header->alg)) {
throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Signature verification failed');
}
// 检查是否到了起作用的时间，未到则禁止
if (isset($payload->nbf) && $payload->nbf > ($timestamp + static::$leeway)) {
throw new \UnexpectedValueException(
'Cannot handle token prior to ' . date(DateTime::ISO8601, $payload->nbf)
);
}
if (isset($payload->iat) && $payload->iat > ($timestamp + static::$leeway)) {
throw new \UnexpectedValueException(
'Cannot handle token prior to ' . date(DateTime::ISO8601, $payload->iat)
);
}
// 过期检查
if (isset($payload->exp) && ($timestamp - static::$leeway) >= $payload->exp) {
throw new \UnexpectedValueException('Expired token');
}
return $payload;
}
/**
* Converts and signs a PHP object or array into a JWT string.
*
* @param object|array $payload PHP object or array
* @param string $key The secret key.
* If the algorithm used is asymmetric, this is the private key
* @param string $alg The signing algorithm.
* Supported algorithms are 'ES256', 'HS256', 'HS384', 'HS512', 'RS256', 'RS384', and 'RS512'
* @param mixed $keyId
* @param array $head An array with header elements to attach
*
* @return string A signed JWT
*
* @uses jsonEncode
* @uses urlsafeB64Encode
*/
public static function encode($payload, $key, $alg = 'HS256', $keyId = null, $head = null)
{
$header = array('typ' => 'JWT', 'alg' => $alg);
if ($keyId !== null) {
$header['kid'] = $keyId;
}
if (isset($head) && is_array($head)) {
$header = array_merge($head, $header);
}
$segments = array();
$segments[] = static::urlsafeB64Encode(static::jsonEncode($header));
$segments[] = static::urlsafeB64Encode(static::jsonEncode($payload));
$signing_input = implode('.', $segments);
$signature = static::sign($signing_input, $key, $alg);
$segments[] = static::urlsafeB64Encode($signature);
return implode('.', $segments);
}
/**
* Sign a string with a given key and algorithm.
*
* @param string $msg The message to sign
* @param string|resource $key The secret key
* @param string $alg The signing algorithm.
* Supported algorithms are 'ES256', 'HS256', 'HS384', 'HS512', 'RS256', 'RS384', and 'RS512'
*
* @return string An encrypted message
*
* @throws DomainException Unsupported algorithm was specified
*/
public static function sign($msg, $key, $alg = 'HS256')
{
if (empty(static::$supported_algs[$alg])) {
throw new DomainException('Algorithm not supported');
}
list($function, $algorithm) = static::$supported_algs[$alg];
switch ($function) {
case 'hash_hmac':
return hash_hmac($algorithm, $msg, $key, true);
case 'openssl':
$signature = '';
$success = openssl_sign($msg, $signature, $key, $algorithm);
if (!$success) {
throw new DomainException("OpenSSL unable to sign data");
} else {
if ($alg === 'ES256') {
$signature = self::signatureFromDER($signature, 256);
}
return $signature;
}
}
}
/**
* Verify a signature with the message, key and method. Not all methods
* are symmetric, so we must have a separate verify and sign method.
*
* @param string $msg The original message (header and body)
* @param string $signature The original signature
* @param string|resource $key For HS*, a string key works. for RS*, must be a resource of an openssl public key
* @param string $alg The algorithm
*
* @return bool
*
* @throws DomainException Invalid Algorithm or OpenSSL failure
*/
private static function verify($msg, $signature, $key, $alg)
{
if (empty(static::$supported_algs[$alg])) {
throw new DomainException('Algorithm not supported');
}
list($function, $algorithm) = static::$supported_algs[$alg];
switch ($function) {
case 'openssl':
$success = openssl_verify($msg, $signature, $key, $algorithm);
if ($success === 1) {
return true;
} elseif ($success === 0) {
return false;
}
// returns 1 on success, 0 on failure, -1 on error.
throw new DomainException(
'OpenSSL error: ' . openssl_error_string()
);
case 'hash_hmac':
default:
$hash = hash_hmac($algorithm, $msg, $key, true);
if (function_exists('hash_equals')) {
return hash_equals($signature, $hash);
}
$len = min(static::safeStrlen($signature), static::safeStrlen($hash));
$status = 0;
for ($i = 0; $i < $len; $i++) {
$status |= (ord($signature[$i]) ^ ord($hash[$i]));
}
$status |= (static::safeStrlen($signature) ^ static::safeStrlen($hash));
return ($status === 0);
}
}
/**
* Decode a JSON string into a PHP object.
*
* @param string $input JSON string
*
* @return object Object representation of JSON string
*
* @throws DomainException Provided string was invalid JSON
*/
public static function jsonDecode($input)
{
if (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '5.4.0', '>=') && !(defined('JSON_C_VERSION') && PHP_INT_SIZE > 4)) {
/** In PHP >=5.4.0, json_decode() accepts an options parameter, that allows you
* to specify that large ints (like Steam Transaction IDs) should be treated as
* strings, rather than the PHP default behaviour of converting them to floats.
*/
$obj = json_decode($input, false, 512, JSON_BIGINT_AS_STRING);
} else {
/** Not all servers will support that, however, so for older versions we must
* manually detect large ints in the JSON string and quote them (thus converting
*them to strings) before decoding, hence the preg_replace() call.
*/
$max_int_length = strlen((string)PHP_INT_MAX) - 1;
$json_without_bigints = preg_replace('/:\s*(-?\d{' . $max_int_length . ',})/', ': "$1"', $input);
$obj = json_decode($json_without_bigints);
}
if ($errno = json_last_error()) {
static::handleJsonError($errno);
} elseif ($obj === null && $input !== 'null') {
throw new DomainException('Null result with non-null input');
}
return $obj;
}
/**
* Encode a PHP object into a JSON string.
*
* @param object|array $input A PHP object or array
*
* @return string JSON representation of the PHP object or array
*
* @throws DomainException Provided object could not be encoded to valid JSON
*/
public static function jsonEncode($input)
{
$json = json_encode($input);
if ($errno = json_last_error()) {
static::handleJsonError($errno);
} elseif ($json === 'null' && $input !== null) {
throw new DomainException('Null result with non-null input');
}
return $json;
}
/**
* Decode a string with URL-safe Base64.
*
* @param string $input A Base64 encoded string
*
* @return string A decoded string
*/
public static function urlsafeB64Decode($input)
{
$remainder = strlen($input) % 4;
if ($remainder) {
$padlen = 4 - $remainder;
$input .= str_repeat('=', $padlen);
}
return base64_decode(strtr($input, '-_', '+/'));
}
/**
* Encode a string with URL-safe Base64.
*
* @param string $input The string you want encoded
*
* @return string The base64 encode of what you passed in
*/
public static function urlsafeB64Encode($input)
{
return str_replace('=', '', strtr(base64_encode($input), '+/', '-_'));
}
/**
* Helper method to create a JSON error.
*
* @param int $errno An error number from json_last_error()
*
* @return void
*/
private static function handleJsonError($errno)
{
$messages = array(
JSON_ERROR_DEPTH => 'Maximum stack depth exceeded',
JSON_ERROR_STATE_MISMATCH => 'Invalid or malformed JSON',
JSON_ERROR_CTRL_CHAR => 'Unexpected control character found',
JSON_ERROR_SYNTAX => 'Syntax error, malformed JSON',
JSON_ERROR_UTF8 => 'Malformed UTF-8 characters' //PHP >= 5.3.3
);
$msg = isset($messages[$errno]) ? $messages[$errno] : 'Unknown JSON error: ' . $errno;
throw new DomainException($msg);
}
/**
* Get the number of bytes in cryptographic strings.
*
* @param string $str
*
* @return int
*/
private static function safeStrlen($str)
{
if (function_exists('mb_strlen')) {
return mb_strlen($str, '8bit');
}
return strlen($str);
}
/**
* Convert an ECDSA signature to an ASN.1 DER sequence
*
* @param string $sig The ECDSA signature to convert
* @return string The encoded DER object
*/
private static function signatureToDER($sig)
{
// Separate the signature into r-value and s-value
list($r, $s) = str_split($sig, (int)(strlen($sig) / 2));
// Trim leading zeros
$r = ltrim($r, "\x00");
$s = ltrim($s, "\x00");
// Convert r-value and s-value from unsigned big-endian integers to
// signed two's complement
if (ord($r[0]) > 0x7f) {
$r = "\x00" . $r;
}
if (ord($s[0]) > 0x7f) {
$s = "\x00" . $s;
}
return self::encodeDER(
self::ASN1_SEQUENCE,
self::encodeDER(self::ASN1_INTEGER, $r) .
self::encodeDER(self::ASN1_INTEGER, $s)
);
}
/**
* Encodes a value into a DER object.
*
* @param int $type DER tag
* @param string $value the value to encode
* @return string the encoded object
*/
private static function encodeDER($type, $value)
{
$tag_header = 0;
if ($type === self::ASN1_SEQUENCE) {
$tag_header |= 0x20;
}
// Type
$der = chr($tag_header | $type);
// Length
$der .= chr(strlen($value));
return $der . $value;
}
/**
* Encodes signature from a DER object.
*
* @param string $der binary signature in DER format
* @param int $keySize the nubmer of bits in the key
* @return string the signature
*/
private static function signatureFromDER($der, $keySize)
{
// OpenSSL returns the ECDSA signatures as a binary ASN.1 DER SEQUENCE
list($offset, $_) = self::readDER($der);
list($offset, $r) = self::readDER($der, $offset);
list($offset, $s) = self::readDER($der, $offset);
// Convert r-value and s-value from signed two's compliment to unsigned
// big-endian integers
$r = ltrim($r, "\x00");
$s = ltrim($s, "\x00");
// Pad out r and s so that they are $keySize bits long
$r = str_pad($r, $keySize / 8, "\x00", STR_PAD_LEFT);
$s = str_pad($s, $keySize / 8, "\x00", STR_PAD_LEFT);
return $r . $s;
}
/**
* Reads binary DER-encoded data and decodes into a single object
*
* @param string $der the binary data in DER format
* @param int $offset the offset of the data stream containing the object
* to decode
* @return array [$offset, $data] the new offset and the decoded object
*/
private static function readDER($der, $offset = 0)
{
$pos = $offset;
$size = strlen($der);
$constructed = (ord($der[$pos]) >> 5) & 0x01;
$type = ord($der[$pos++]) & 0x1f;
// Length
$len = ord($der[$pos++]);
if ($len & 0x80) {
$n = $len & 0x1f;
$len = 0;
while ($n-- && $pos < $size) {
$len = ($len << 8) | ord($der[$pos++]);
}
}
// Value
if ($type == self::ASN1_BIT_STRING) {
$pos++; // Skip the first contents octet (padding indicator)
$data = substr($der, $pos, $len - 1);
if (!$ignore_bit_strings) {
$pos += $len - 1;
}
} elseif (!$constructed) {
$data = substr($der, $pos, $len);
$pos += $len;
} else {
$data = null;
}
return array($pos, $data);
}
//生成token
public function get_token($uid, $user_name)
{
$key = static::key;
$token = [
"iss" => "admin_name", //签发者 可以为空
"aud" => "user_name", //面象的用户，可以为空
"iat" => time(), //签发时间
"nbf" => time(), //在什么时候jwt开始生效
"exp" => time() + 30 * 60, //token 过期时间
"uid" => $uid, //记录的userid的信息，这里是自已添加上去的，如果有其它信息，可以再添加数组的键值对
"user_name" => $user_name,
];
$jwt = $this->encode($token, $key, "HS256"); //根据参数生成了 token
return $jwt;
}
//检查token
public function check_token($token)
{
$key = static::key;
$info = $this->decode($token, $key, ["HS256"]); //解密jwt
return json($info);
}
}
使用时可以直接复制这个文件，该为自己的命名空间，然后使用最后两个方法生成和验证token。
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