Linux运维---几个常用的Linux 查看系统硬件信息命令
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在Linux下，我们经常需要查看系统的硬件信息， 这里我罗列了查看系统硬件信息的实用命令，并做了分类，实例解说。
执行环境：ubuntu 16.04
1. cpu
lscpu命令，查看的是cpu的统计信息.
root@ubuntu:/home/peng/#?lscpu
Architecture:??????????x86_64????????????#cpu架构
CPU?op-mode(s):????????32-bit,?64-bit
Byte?Order:????????????Little?Endian?????#小尾序
CPU(s):????????????????1?????????????????#总共有1核???
On-line?CPU(s)?list:???0
Thread(s)?per?core:????1?????????????????#每个cpu核，只能支持一个线程，即不支持超线程?
Core(s)?per?socket:????1
Socket(s):?????????????1
NUMA?node(s):??????????1
Vendor?ID:?????????????GenuineIntel?????#cpu产商?intel
CPU?family:????????????6
Model:?????????????????158
Model?name:????????????Intel(R)?Core(TM)?i5-7500?CPU?@?3.40GHz
Stepping:??????????????9
CPU?MHz:???????????????3408.070
BogoMIPS:??????????????6816.14
Hypervisor?vendor:?????VMware
Virtualization?type:???full?????????????#支持cpu虚拟化技术
L1d?cache:?????????????32K
L1i?cache:?????????????32K
L2?cache:??????????????256K
L3?cache:??????????????6144K
NUMA?node0?CPU(s):?????0
查看/proc/cpuinfo,可以知道每个cpu信息，如每个CPU的型号，主频等。
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?cat?/proc/cpuinfo
processor?:?0
vendor_id?:?GenuineIntel
cpu?family?:?6
model??:?158
model?name?:?Intel(R)?Core(TM)?i5-7500?CPU?@?3.40GHz
stepping?:?9
microcode?:?0x48
cpu?MHz??:?3408.070
cache?size?:?6144?KB
physical?id?:?0
siblings?:?1
core?id??:?0
cpu?cores?:?1
apicid??:?0
initial?apicid?:?0
fpu??:?yes
fpu_exception?:?yes
cpuid?level?:?22
wp??:?yes
.....
2. 内存
概要查看内存情况
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?free?-m
??????????????total????????used????????free??????shared??buff/cache???available
Mem:???????????1970?????????702?????????315??????????13?????????952????????1025
Swap:???????????974??????????20?????????954
这里的单位是MB，总共的内存是1970MB。
查看内存详细使用
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?cat?/proc/meminfo?
MemTotal:????????2017516?kB
MemFree:??????????242020?kB
MemAvailable:????1003240?kB
Buffers:??????????104192?kB
Cached:???????????699824?kB
SwapCached:?????????1832?kB
Active:???????????696320?kB
Inactive:?????????639924?kB
Active(anon):?????236412?kB
Inactive(anon):???301996?kB
Active(file):?????459908?kB
Inactive(file):???337928?kB
Unevictable:??????????48?kB
Mlocked:??????????????48?kB
.....
查看内存硬件信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?dmidecode?-t?memory
#?dmidecode?3.0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Getting?SMBIOS?data?from?sysfs.
SMBIOS?2.7?present.
?
Handle?0x0084,?DMI?type?5,?46?bytes
Memory?Controller?Information
????Error?Detecting?Method:?None
????Error?Correcting?Capabilities:
?????????None
????Supported?Interleave:?One-way?Interleave
????Current?Interleave:?One-way?Interleave
????Maximum?Memory?Module?Size:?32768?MB
????Maximum?Total?Memory?Size:?491520?MB
????Supported?Speeds:
????????70?ns
????????60?ns
????Supported?Memory?Types:
????????FPM
????????EDO
????????DIMM
????????SDRAM
????Memory?Module?Voltage:?3.3?V
????Associated?Memory?Slots:?15
.....
内存最大值是 491520 MB。
3. 磁盘
查看硬盘和分区分布
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lsblk
NAME???MAJ:MIN?RM??SIZE?RO?TYPE?MOUNTPOINT
sr0?????11:0????1?1024M??0?rom??
sda??????8:0????0??500G??0?disk?
├─sda2???8:2????0????1K??0?part?
├─sda5???8:5????0??975M??0?part?[SWAP]
└─sda1???8:1????0??499G??0?part?/
查看硬盘和分区的详细信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?fdisk?-l
Disk?/dev/sda:?500?GiB,?536870912000?bytes,?1048576000?sectors
Units:?sectors?of?1?*?512?=?512?bytes
Sector?size?(logical/physical):?512?bytes?/?512?bytes
I/O?size?(minimum/optimal):?512?bytes?/?512?bytes
Disklabel?type:?dos
Disk?identifier:?0x9c674a44
Device?????Boot??????Start????????End????Sectors??Size?Id?Type
/dev/sda1??*??????????2048?1046575103?1046573056??499G?83?Linux
/dev/sda2???????1046577150?1048573951????1996802??975M??5?Extended
/dev/sda5???????1046577152?1048573951????1996800??975M?82?Linux?swap?/?Solaris
4. 网卡
查看网卡硬件信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lspci?|?grep?-i?'eth'
02:01.0?Ethernet?controller:?Intel?Corporation?82545EM?Gigabit?Ethernet?Controller?(Copper)?(rev?01)
查看系统的所有网络接口
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?ifconfig?-a
ens33?????Link?encap:Ethernet??HWaddr?00:0c:29:bb:bd:40??
??????????inet?addr:192.168.0.117??Bcast:192.168.0.255??Mask:255.255.255.0
??????????inet6?addr:?fe80::76fa:5548:3da0:2ef/64?Scope:Link
??????????UP?BROADCAST?RUNNING?MULTICAST??MTU:1500??Metric:1
??????????RX?packets:174629?errors:0?dropped:0?overruns:0?frame:0
??????????TX?packets:105285?errors:0?dropped:0?overruns:0?carrier:0
??????????collisions:0?txqueuelen:1000?
??????????RX?bytes:237519396?(237.5?MB)??TX?bytes:9592767?(9.5?MB)
lo????????Link?encap:Local?Loopback??
??????????inet?addr:127.0.0.1??Mask:255.0.0.0
??????????inet6?addr:?::1/128?Scope:Host
??????????UP?LOOPBACK?RUNNING??MTU:65536??Metric:1
??????????RX?packets:854?errors:0?dropped:0?overruns:0?frame:0
??????????TX?packets:854?errors:0?dropped:0?overruns:0?carrier:0
??????????collisions:0?txqueuelen:1000?
??????????RX?bytes:60894?(60.8?KB)??TX?bytes:60894?(60.8?KB)
或者是
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?ip?link?show
1:?lo:?<LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP>?mtu?65536?qdisc?noqueue?state?UNKNOWN?mode?DEFAULT?group?default?qlen?1000
????link/loopback?00:00:00:00:00:00?brd?00:00:00:00:00:00
2:?ens33:?<BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP>?mtu?1500?qdisc?pfifo_fast?state?UP?mode?DEFAULT?group?default?qlen?1000
????link/ether?00:0c:29:bb:bd:40?brd?ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
或者
如果要查看某个网络接口的详细信息，例如ens33的详细参数和指标
【有的ubuntu网口是eth0】
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?ethtool?ens33
Settings?for?ens33:
?Supported?ports:?[?TP?]
?Supported?link?modes:???10baseT/Half?10baseT/Full?
?????????????????????????100baseT/Half?100baseT/Full?#支持千兆半双工，全双工模式
?????????????????????????1000baseT/Full?
?Supported?pause?frame?use:?No
?Supports?auto-negotiation:?Yes?#默认使用自适应模式
?Advertised?link?modes:??10baseT/Half?10baseT/Full?
?????????????????????????100baseT/Half?100baseT/Full?
?????????????????????????1000baseT/Full?
?Advertised?pause?frame?use:?No
?Advertised?auto-negotiation:?Yes
?Speed:?1000Mb/s?#网卡的速度是1000Mb
?Duplex:?Full????#全双工
?Port:?Twisted?Pair
?PHYAD:?0
?Transceiver:?internal
?Auto-negotiation:?on
?MDI-X:?off?(auto)
?Supports?Wake-on:?d
?Wake-on:?d
?Current?message?level:?0x00000007?(7)
??????????drv?probe?link
?Link?detected:?yes???#表示有网线连接，和路由是通的
5. pci
查看pci信息，即主板所有硬件槽信息。
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lspci
?00:00.0?Host?bridge:?Intel?Corporation?82845?845?(Brookdale)?Chipset?Host?Bridge?(rev?04)
?00:01.0?PCI?bridge:?Intel?Corporation?82845?845?(Brookdale)?Chipset?AGP?Bridge(rev?04)
?00:1d.0?USB?Controller:?Intel?Corporation?82801CA/CAM?USB?(Hub?#1)?(rev?02)
?00:1d.1?USB?Controller:?Intel?Corporation?82801CA/CAM?USB?(Hub?#2)?(rev?02)
?00:1e.0?PCI?bridge:?Intel?Corporation?82801?Mobile?PCI?Bridge?(rev?42)
?00:1f.0?ISA?bridge:?Intel?Corporation?82801CAM?ISA?Bridge?(LPC)?(rev?02)
?00:1f.1?IDE?interface:?Intel?Corporation?82801CAM?IDE?U100?(rev?02)
?00:1f.3?SMBus:?Intel?Corporation?82801CA/CAM?SMBus?Controller?(rev?02)
?00:1f.5?Multimedia?audio?controller:Intel?Corporation?82801CA/CAM?AC'97?Audio?Controller?(rev?02)
?00:1f.6?Modem:?Intel?Corporation?82801CA/CAM?AC'97?Modem?Controller?(rev?02)
?01:00.0?VGA?compatible?controller:?nVidia?Corporation?NV17?[GeForce4?420?Go](rev?a3)
?02:00.0?FireWire?(IEEE?1394):?VIA?Technologies,?Inc.?IEEE?1394?Host?Controller(rev?46)
?02:01.0?Ethernet?controller:?Realtek?Semiconductor?Co.,?Ltd.?RTL-8139/8139C/8139C+(rev?10)
?02:04.0?CardBus?bridge:?O2?Micro,?Inc.?OZ6933?Cardbus?Controller?(rev?01)
?02:04.1?CardBus?bridge:?O2?Micro,?Inc.?OZ6933?Cardbus?Controller?(rev?01)
由上述的 输出可以看到，我的电脑上共有3个PCI总线(0号，1号，2号）。在单个系统上，插入多个总线是通过桥（bridge)来完成的，桥是一种用来连接总线 的特殊PCI外设。所以，PCI系统的整体布局组织为树型，我们可以通过上面的lspci输出，来画出我的电脑上的PCI系统的树型结构：
00:00.0(主桥）--00:01.0(PCI桥）-----01:00:0(nVidia显卡）
???????????????????|
???????????????????|---00:1d(USB控制器)--00:1d:0(USB1号控制器）
???????????????????|????????????????????|
???????????????????|????????????????????|--00:1d:1(USB2号控制器）????????????????????|
???????????????????|-00:1e:0(PCI桥)--02:00.0(IEEE1394)
???????????????????|????????????????|
???????????????????|????????????????|-02:01.0(8139网卡）
???????????????????|????????????????|
???????????????????|????????????????|-02:04(CardBus桥)-02:04.0(桥1）
???????????????????|???????????????????????????????????|
???????????????????|???????????????????????????????????|--02:04.1(桥2)
???????????????????|
???????????????????|-00:1f(多功能板卡)-00:1f:0(ISA桥）
????????????????????????????????????????|
????????????????????????????????????????|--00:1f:1(IDE接口)
????????????????????????????????????????|
????????????????????????????????????????|--00:1f:3(SMBus)
????????????????????????????????????????|
????????????????????????????????????????|--00:1f:5(多媒体声音控制器)
????????????????????????????????????????|
????????????????????????????????????????|--00:1f:6(调制解调器)
由上图可以得出，我的电脑上共有8个PCI设备，其中0号总线上(主桥)上连有4个，1号总线上连有1个，2号总线上连有3个。00:1f是一个连有5个功能的多功能板卡。
如果要更详细的信息:
lspci?-v?或者?lspci?-vv
如果要看设备树:lscpi -t
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lspci?-t
6. usb
查看usb信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lsusb
Bus?001?Device?001:?ID?1d6b:0002?Linux?Foundation?2.0?root?hub
Bus?002?Device?003:?ID?0e0f:0002?VMware,?Inc.?Virtual?USB?Hub
Bus?002?Device?002:?ID?0e0f:0003?VMware,?Inc.?Virtual?Mouse
Bus?002?Device?001:?ID?1d6b:0001?Linux?Foundation?1.1?root?hub
lsusb -t查看系统中的USB拓扑，类似cat /sys/kernel/debug/usb/devices
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lsusb?-t
/:??Bus?02.Port?1:?Dev?1,?Class=root_hub,?Driver=uhci_hcd/2p,?12M
????|__?Port?1:?Dev?2,?If?0,?Class=Human?Interface?Device,?Driver=usbhid,?12M
????|__?Port?2:?Dev?3,?If?0,?Class=Hub,?Driver=hub/7p,?12M
/:??Bus?01.Port?1:?Dev?1,?Class=root_hub,?Driver=ehci-pci/6p,?480M
/var/lib/usbutils/usb.ids还保存了很多设备商的VID信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?cat?/var/lib/usbutils/usb.ids?|?grep?King
?7778??Counterfeit?flash?drive?[Kingston]
?0100??Kingston?Flash?Drive?(128MB)
?c010??Kingston?FCR-HS2/ATA?Card?Reader
07cb??Kingmax?Technology,?Inc.
?4100??Kingsun?SF-620?Infrared?Adapter
?4959??Kingsun?KS-959?Infrared?Adapter
?0015??Kingston?DataTraveler?ELITE
?0016??Kingston?DataTraveler?U3
?0998??Kingston?Data?Traveler2.0?Disk?Driver
?0999??Kingston?Data?Traveler2.0?Disk?Driver
?6519??Kingston?DataTraveler?2.0?USB?Stick
?653c??Kingston?DataTraveler?2.0?Stick?(512M)
?653d??Kingston?DataTraveler?2.0?Stick?(1GB)
?6544??TransMemory-Mini?/?Kingston?DataTraveler?2.0?Stick?(2GB)
?6545??Kingston?DataTraveler?102/2.0?/?HEMA?Flash?Drive?2?GB?/?PNY?Attache?4GB?Stick
0951??Kingston?Technology
0d8a??King?Jim?Co.,?Ltd
?00a3??Smart?King?PRO?Uninterruptible?Power?Supply?(HID?PDC)
0e56??Kingston?Technology?Company,?Inc.
0f8e??Kingnet?Technology?Co.,?Ltd
13fe??Kingston?Technology?Company?Inc.
?1f00??Kingston?DataTraveler?/?Patriot?Xporter
1687??Kingmax?Digital?Inc.
16df??King?Billion?Electronics?Co.,?Ltd.
?2149??EntropyKing?Random?Number?Generator
lsusb -v查看系统中USB设备的详细信息
lsusb?-v
7. lshw查看所有硬件摘要信息
下面命令可以查看所有硬件摘要信息，并输出成一个html文件，把此html文件导出到电脑上，直接打开，可以清楚的看到硬件信息：
lshw?-html?>?/hardware.html
8. lsscsi查看SCSI控制器设备的信息
可以看到SCSI信息和所有虚拟磁盘以及光驱的信息，如果没有硬件SCSI控制器，那就不会返回信息：
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lsscsi
[2:0:0:0]????disk????VMware,??VMware?Virtual?S?1.0???/dev/sda?
[4:0:0:0]????cd/dvd??NECVMWar?VMware?SATA?CD01?1.00??/dev/sr0?
插入一个U盘后再查看：
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?lsscsi
[2:0:0:0]????disk????VMware,??VMware?Virtual?S?1.0???/dev/sda?
[4:0:0:0]????cd/dvd??NECVMWar?VMware?SATA?CD01?1.00??/dev/sr0?
[33:0:0:0]???disk????Kingston?DataTraveler?G2??1.00??/dev/sdb?
可以看到U盘为Kingston。
9. 查看bios信息
root@ubuntu:/home/peng#?dmidecode?-t?bios
#?dmidecode?3.0
Getting?SMBIOS?data?from?sysfs.
SMBIOS?2.7?present.
Handle?0x0000,?DMI?type?0,?24?bytes
BIOS?Information
?Vendor:?Phoenix?Technologies?LTD
?Version:?6.00
?Release?Date:?07/29/2019
?Address:?0xEA480
?Runtime?Size:?88960?bytes
?ROM?Size:?64?kB
?Characteristics:
??ISA?is?supported
??PCI?is?supported
??PC?Card?(PCMCIA)?is?supported
??PNP?is?supported
??APM?is?supported
??BIOS?is?upgradeable
??BIOS?shadowing?is?allowed
??ESCD?support?is?available
??Boot?from?CD?is?supported
??Selectable?boot?is?supported
??EDD?is?supported
??Print?screen?service?is?supported?(int?5h)
??8042?keyboard?services?are?supported?(int?9h)
??Serial?services?are?supported?(int?14h)
??Printer?services?are?supported?(int?17h)
??CGA/mono?video?services?are?supported?(int?10h)
??ACPI?is?supported
??Smart?battery?is?supported
??BIOS?boot?specification?is?supported
??Function?key-initiated?network?boot?is?supported
??Targeted?content?distribution?is?supported
?BIOS?Revision:?4.6
?Firmware?Revision:?0.0
dmidecode以一种可读的方式dump出机器的DMI(Desktop Management Interface)信息。这些信息包括了硬件以及BIOS，既可以得到当前的配置，也可以得到系统支持的最大配置，比如说支持的最大内存数等。
如果要查看所有有用信息
dmidecode?-q
里面包含了很多硬件信息。
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