ubuntu18.04配置邮件服务: postfix+dovecot+roundcube

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记录，以供下次换服务器时参考。

前提：

• 解封25端口（腾讯云）
• 买了域名，绑定解析好
• apache2配置好
• 用certbot 生成好ssl证书

参考链接：
create mail server,postfix dovecot
几篇综合参考，下面那篇写的比较详细。除了中途遇到mysql相关的问题，以及后面的dovecot问题，过程基本按教程来就行。

踩的坑：
配置完postfix+dovecot+roundcube,登录roundcube连接至 IMAP 服务器失败

mysql安装问题：
装php-mysql就解决了。

 history |grep sql
 1906  2021-01-26 22:54:59 sudo apt install postfix postfix-mysql dovecot-core dovecot-pop3d dovecot-imapd dovecot-lmtpd dovecot-mysql
 2024  2021-01-27 14:39:02 service mysqld status
 2025  2021-01-27 14:39:16 sudo service mysqld status
 2026  2021-01-27 14:42:50 sudo apt-get install --reinstall mysql-server
 2028  2021-01-27 14:47:17 sudo apt-get install --reinstall php-mysql
 2030  2021-01-27 14:48:06 sudo apt-get install --reinstall mysql-server
 2080  2021-01-27 16:41:14 cat /usr/share/roundcube/SQL/mysql/

主要参考教程：
How to Install Postfix, Dovecot, and Roundcube on Ubuntu 20.04
Last Updated: Fri, Jul 10, 2020 Email Ubuntu
Introduction

Postfix is a Mail Transfer Agent(MTA) for routing and delivering electronic mail(email). Dovecot is a secure IMAP and POP3 Mail Delivery Agent(MDA). These two open-source applications work well with Roundcube, an email client primarily famous for its clever use of Ajax technology. In this guide, you’ll install Postfix, Dovecot, and Roundcube on Ubuntu 20.04. This guide uses the domain example.com and the server name mail.example.com.
Prerequisites

Before you begin, make sure you have the following:

An Ubuntu 20.04 server configured with a Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN).
A non-root user with sudo privileges.
A LAMP stack with an SSL certificate installed. This guide uses a free Let's Encrypt certificate.
Verify the server's outbound port status.

1. Install & Configure Postfix

   SSH to your server and install the Postfix server by running the command below.

   $ sudo apt update -y
   $ sudo apt install -y postfix

   You’ll get the Postfix configuration screen, as shown below. Press TAB and ENTER to continue.

   Postfix package configuration screen

   On the next screen, select Internet Site, then TAB and ENTER.

   Postfix mail type configuration

   Enter the system mail name, which is your domain name. For instance, the server name is mail.example.com, so you’ll enter example.com here.

   Postfix system mail name

   Back up the the /etc/postfix/main.cf file, and create a new one.

   $ sudo mv /etc/postfix/main.cf /etc/postfix/main.cf.bk
   $ sudo nano /etc/postfix/main.cf

   Enter the information below to the new file. Replace example.com with your domain name throughout the file. Make sure the value of smtpdtlscert_file and smtpdtlskey_file point to your SSL certificate.

   smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name
   biff = no
   append_dot_mydomain = no
   readme_directory = no

   TLS parameters

   smtp_use_tls = yes
   smtp_tls_security_level = may
   smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache

   smtpd_use_tls = yes
   smtpd_tls_security_level = may
   smtpd_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtpd_scache
   smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem
   smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem
   smtpd_relay_restrictions = permit_mynetworks, permit_sasl_authenticated, reject_unauth_destination

   smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
   smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot
   smtpd_sasl_path = private/auth

   virtual_transport = lmtp:unix:private/dovecot-lmtp
   virtual_mailbox_domains = /etc/postfix/virtual_mailbox_domains

   myhostname = mail.example.com
   myorigin = /etc/mailname
   mydestination = localhost.$mydomain, localhost
   relayhost =
   mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128
   mailbox_size_limit = 0
   recipient_delimiter = +
   inet_interfaces = all
   inet_protocols = all
   alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases
   alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases

   Save and close the file.

2. Create Virtual Mail Box Domains

   The main.cf configuration file instructs postfix to look for email domains in the /etc/postfix/virtual_mailbox_domains file. Create the file:

   $ sudo nano /etc/postfix/virtual_mailbox_domains

   Add the information below to the file and replace example.com with your domain name.

   example.com #domain

   Use the postmap command to change /etc/postfix/virtual_mailbox_domains to a format recognizable by Postfix. Run this command every time you edit the file, for instance, after adding more domains to the file.

   $ sudo postmap /etc/postfix/virtual_mailbox_domains

   Edit the /etc/postfix/master.cf configuration file to enable the SMTP service.

   $ sudo nano /etc/postfix/master.cf

   Find the entry below.

   …
   #submission inet n - y - - smtpd
   …

   Remove the pound symbol at the beginning of the line.

   …
   submission inet n - y - - smtpd
   …

   Save and close the file.

3. Install & Configure Dovecot

   Install the Dovecot package and all the dependency packages required to run the imap, pop3, and lmtp service.

   $ sudo apt install -y dovecot-core dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d dovecot-lmtpd

   Edit the /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf file to instruct Dovecot on the directory to look for mails.

   $ sudo nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf

   Find the entry below.

   mail_location = mbox:~/mail:INBOX=/var/mail/%u

   Change to:

   mail_location = maildir:/var/mail/vhosts/%d/%n

   Save and close the file. The %d represents the domain, and %n represents the users. This means that you’ll need to create a sub-directory in the /var/mail/vhosts for every domain receiving emails on your server.

   Create the first sub-directory and replace example.com with your domain name.

   $ sudo mkdir -p /var/mail/vhosts/example.com

   Repeat the command above for every other domain that you want to receive emails for in your server while replacing example.com with the domain name. For instance, if you also intend to receive emails for the example.net domain, run the command below.

   $ sudo mkdir -p /var/mail/vhosts/example.net

   Create a Vmail user and group for the Dovecot service.

   Create the vmail group.

   $ sudo groupadd -g 5000 vmail

   Create a vmail user and add the user to the vmail group.

   $ sudo useradd -r -g vmail -u 5000 vmail -d /var/mail/vhosts -c “virtual mail user”

   Assign the ownership of the /var/mail/vhosts/ to the vmail user and group.

   $ sudo chown -R vmail:vmail /var/mail/vhosts/

   Edit the Dovecot 10-master.conf file.

   $ sudo nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-master.conf

   Locate the entries below.

   …
   inet_listener imaps {
   #port = 993
   #ssl = yes
   }
   …

   Remove the pound symbol before the port and ssl entries, as shown below, to allow Dovecot to use port 993 and SSL for secure IMAP.

   …
   inet_listener imaps {
   port = 993
   ssl = yes
   }
   …

   Locate the entries below.

   …
   inet_listener pop3s {
   #port = 995
   #ssl = yes
   }
   …

   Remove the pound symbol before the port = 995 and ssl = yes parameters.

   …
   inet_listener pop3s {
   port = 995
   ssl = yes
   }
   …

   Enable the lmtp service. Locate the entries below.

   …
   service lmtp {
   unix_listener lmtp {
   #mode = 0666
   }

   Create inet listener only if you can’t use the above UNIX socket

   #inet_listener lmtp {
   # Avoid making LMTP visible for the entire internet
   #address =
   #port =
   #}
   }
   …

   Change the configuration to:

   …
   service lmtp {
   unix_listener /var/spool/postfix/private/dovecot-lmtp {
   mode = 0600
   user = postfix
   group = postfix
   }
   }
   …

   Locate the Dovecot authentication socket configurations below.

   …

   Postfix smtp-auth

   #unix_listener /var/spool/postfix/private/auth {

   mode = 0666

   #}
   …

   Change the configuration to:

   …
   #Postfix smtp-auth
   unix_listener /var/spool/postfix/private/auth {
   mode = 0666
   user = postfix
   group = postfix
   }
   …

   Save and close the file.

   Configure Dovecot to use secure authentication. Edit the Dovecot 10-auth.conf file.

   $ sudo nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-auth.conf

   Find the entry below.

   disable_plaintext_auth = yes

   Uncomment the setting above by removing the # character to disable plain text authorization.

   disable_plaintext_auth = yes

   Find the entry below.

   auth_mechanisms = plain

   Change the authentication mechanisms from plain to plain login.

   auth_mechanisms = plain login

   Disable the Dovecot default authentication behavior that requires users to have a system account to use the email service. Find the line:

   !include auth-system.conf.ext

   Add a pound symbol at the beginning of the line to comment it out.

   #!include auth-system.conf.ext

   Find the line:

   #!include auth-passwdfile.conf.ext

   Remove the # symbol at the beginning to enable Dovecot to use a password file.

   !include auth-passwdfile.conf.ext

   Save and close the file.

   Edit the Dovecot password file, auth-passwdfile.conf.ext.

   $ sudo nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/auth-passwdfile.conf.ext

   The file looks similar to the one shown below.

   passdb {
   driver = passwd-file
   args = scheme=CRYPT username_format=%u /etc/dovecot/users
   }

   userdb {
   driver = passwd-file
   args = username_format=%u /etc/dovecot/users
   …
   }

   Make the changes to the file, as shown below.

   passdb {
   driver = passwd-file
   args = scheme=PLAIN username_format=%u /etc/dovecot/dovecot-users
   }

   userdb {
   driver = static
   args = uid=vmail gid=vmail home=/var/mail/vhosts/%d/%n
   }

   Save and close the file.

   Create the /etc/dovecot/dovecot-users password file. This file is a plain text database that holds email users on your server.

   $ sudo nano /etc/dovecot/dovecot-users

   Add the users that you want to use the email service to the file by following the format below. Replace EXAMPLE_PASSWORD with a strong password. Also, replace example.com with your domain name.

   admin@example.com:{plain}EXAMPLE_PASSWORD
   info@example.com:{plain}EXAMPLE_PASSWORD
   billing@example.com:{plain}EXAMPLE_PASSWORD

   Save and close the file.

   Configure Dovecot to Use the SSL Certificate. Open the /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-ssl.conf file.

   $ sudo nano /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-ssl.conf

   Find the line:

   ssl = yes

   Change the ssl value from yes to required.

   ssl = required

   Locate the two entries below.

   #ssl_cert = </etc/dovecot/dovecot.pem
   #ssl_key = </etc/dovecot/private/dovecot.pem

   Change the two entries above and make sure they are pointing to the SSL certificate for your domain. For instance, if you are using the Let’s Encrypt certificate, your entries will be similar to those shown below. Replace example.com with your domain name.

   ssl_cert = </etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem
   ssl_key = </etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem

   Save and close the file.
   Restart the postfix and dovecot services to use the new settings.

   $ sudo service postfix restart
   $ sudo service dovecot restart

4. Install & Configure Roundcube

   To access Postfix and Dovecot servers, install Roundcube email client.

   $ sudo apt install -y roundcube

   Press ENTER to configure the database for use with Roundcube.

   Configure database for Roundcube

   On the next screen, enter a MySQL password to use with Roundcube.

   Database password for Roudcube

   Press TAB and ENTER.

   Repeat the same password then hit TAB and ENTER to continue.

   Open your website SSL configuration file from the /etc/apache2/sites-enabled directory. Run the command below and replace example.com with your domain name.

   $ sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/example.com-le-ssl.conf

   Your website configuration file will be similar to the one shown below.

   …
   <VirtualHost *:443>
   ServerAdmin admin@franktek.space
   ServerName franktek.space
   …
   
   …

   Add the entry Alias /mail /usr/share/roundcube after the entry ServerName example.com as shown below.

   …
   <VirtualHost *:443>
   ServerAdmin admin@example.com
   ServerName example.com
   Alias /mail /usr/share/roundcube
   …
   
   …

   Save and close the file.

   Restart Apache.

   $ sudo service apache2 restart

5. Test the Email Service

To login to the email server using Roundcube, enter the URL shown below and replace example.com with your domain name.

https://mail.example.com/mail

You should see a screen similar to the one shown below. Enter the username and password you defined in the Dovecot password file, and log in.

Roundcube login page

Once logged in, you can send and receive emails from the Roundcube dashboard.

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