python------异步IO\数据库\队列\缓存

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gevent import monkey; monkey.patch_all() import gevent from urllib.request import urlopen def f(url): print(‘GET: %s‘ % url) resp = urlopen(url) data = resp.read() print(‘%d bytes received from %s.‘ % (len(data), url)) gevent.joinall([ gevent.spawn(f, ‘https://www.python.org/‘), gevent.spawn(f, ‘https://www.yahoo.com/‘), gevent.spawn(f, ‘https://github.com/‘), ]) View Code

 

 

通过gevent实现单线程下的多socket并发

server side 

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import sys import socket import time import gevent   from gevent import socket,monkey monkey.patch_all()     def server(port):     s = socket.socket()     s.bind((‘0.0.0.0‘, port))     s.listen(500)     while True:         cli, addr = s.accept()         gevent.spawn(handle_request, cli)       def handle_request(conn):     try:         while True:             data = conn.recv(1024)             print("recv:", data)             conn.send(data)             if not data:                 conn.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)       except Exception as  ex:         print(ex)     finally:         conn.close() if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:     server(8001)

　　

client side 　　

import socket
 
HOST = ‘localhost‘    # The remote host
PORT = 8001           # The same port as used by the server
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.connect((HOST, PORT))
while True:
    msg = bytes(input(">>:"),encoding="utf8")
    s.sendall(msg)
    data = s.recv(1024)
    #print(data)
 
    print(‘Received‘, repr(data))
s.close()

　　

并发100个sock连接

import socket
import threading

def sock_conn():

    client = socket.socket()

    client.connect(("localhost",8001))
    count = 0
    while True:
        #msg = input(">>:").strip()
        #if len(msg) == 0:continue
        client.send( ("hello %s" %count).encode("utf-8"))

        data = client.recv(1024)

        print("[%s]recv from server:" % threading.get_ident(),data.decode()) #结果
        count +=1
    client.close()


for i in range(100):
    t = threading.Thread(target=sock_conn)
    t.start()

　

 

 

　　

论事件驱动与异步IO

通常，我们写服务器处理模型的程序时，有以下几种模型： （1）每收到一个请求，创建一个新的进程，来处理该请求； （2）每收到一个请求，创建一个新的线程，来处理该请求； （3）每收到一个请求，放入一个事件列表，让主进程通过非阻塞I/O方式来处理请求 上面的几种方式，各有千秋， 第（1）中方法，由于创建新的进程的开销比较大，所以，会导致服务器性能比较差,但实现比较简单。 第（2）种方式，由于要涉及到线程的同步，有可能会面临死锁等问题。 第（3）种方式，在写应用程序代码时，逻辑比前面两种都复杂。 综合考虑各方面因素，一般普遍认为第（3）种方式是大多数网络服务器采用的方式  

看图说话讲事件驱动模型

在UI编程中，常常要对鼠标点击进行相应，首先如何获得鼠标点击呢？
方式一：创建一个线程，该线程一直循环检测是否有鼠标点击，那么这个方式有以下几个缺点：
1. CPU资源浪费，可能鼠标点击的频率非常小，但是扫描线程还是会一直循环检测，这会造成很多的CPU资源浪费；如果扫描鼠标点击的接口是阻塞的呢？
2. 如果是堵塞的，又会出现下面这样的问题，如果我们不但要扫描鼠标点击，还要扫描键盘是否按下，由于扫描鼠标时被堵塞了，那么可能永远不会去扫描键盘；
3. 如果一个循环需要扫描的设备非常多，这又会引来响应时间的问题；
所以，该方式是非常不好的。

方式二：就是事件驱动模型
目前大部分的UI编程都是事件驱动模型，如很多UI平台都会提供onClick()事件，这个事件就代表鼠标按下事件。事件驱动模型大体思路如下：
1. 有一个事件（消息）队列；
2. 鼠标按下时，往这个队列中增加一个点击事件（消息）；
3. 有个循环，不断从队列取出事件，根据不同的事件，调用不同的函数，如onClick()、onKeyDown()等；
4. 事件（消息）一般都各自保存各自的处理函数指针，这样，每个消息都有独立的处理函数；

 

 

 

事件驱动编程是一种编程范式，这里程序的执行流由外部事件来决定。它的特点是包含一个事件循环，当外部事件发生时使用回调机制来触发相应的处理。另外两种常见的编程范式是（单线程）同步以及多线程编程。

让我们用例子来比较和对比一下单线程、多线程以及事件驱动编程模型。下图展示了随着时间的推移，这三种模式下程序所做的工作。这个程序有3个任务需要完成，每个任务都在等待I/O操作时阻塞自身。阻塞在I/O操作上所花费的时间已经用灰色框标示出来了。

 

在单线程同步模型中，任务按照顺序执行。如果某个任务因为I/O而阻塞，其他所有的任务都必须等待，直到它完成之后它们才能依次执行。这种明确的执行顺序和串行化处理的行为是很容易推断得出的。如果任务之间并没有互相依赖的关系，但仍然需要互相等待的话这就使得程序不必要的降低了运行速度。

在多线程版本中，这3个任务分别在独立的线程中执行。这些线程由操作系统来管理，在多处理器系统上可以并行处理，或者在单处理器系统上交错执行。这使得当某个线程阻塞在某个资源的同时其他线程得以继续执行。与完成类似功能的同步程序相比，这种方式更有效率，但程序员必须写代码来保护共享资源，防止其被多个线程同时访问。多线程程序更加难以推断，因为这类程序不得不通过线程同步机制如锁、可重入函数、线程局部存储或者其他机制来处理线程安全问题，如果实现不当就会导致出现微妙且令人痛不欲生的bug。

在事件驱动版本的程序中，3个任务交错执行，但仍然在一个单独的线程控制中。当处理I/O或者其他昂贵的操作时，注册一个回调到事件循环中，然后当I/O操作完成时继续执行。回调描述了该如何处理某个事件。事件循环轮询所有的事件，当事件到来时将它们分配给等待处理事件的回调函数。这种方式让程序尽可能的得以执行而不需要用到额外的线程。事件驱动型程序比多线程程序更容易推断出行为，因为程序员不需要关心线程安全问题。

当我们面对如下的环境时，事件驱动模型通常是一个好的选择：

1. 程序中有许多任务，而且…
2. 任务之间高度独立（因此它们不需要互相通信，或者等待彼此）而且…
3. 在等待事件到来时，某些任务会阻塞。

当应用程序需要在任务间共享可变的数据时，这也是一个不错的选择，因为这里不需要采用同步处理。

网络应用程序通常都有上述这些特点，这使得它们能够很好的契合事件驱动编程模型。

 

此处要提出一个问题，就是，上面的事件驱动模型中，只要一遇到IO就注册一个事件，然后主程序就可以继续干其它的事情了，只到io处理完毕后，继续恢复之前中断的任务，这本质上是怎么实现的呢？哈哈，下面我们就来一起揭开这神秘的面纱。。。。

 

 

Select\Poll\Epoll异步IO　

http://www.cnblogs.com/alex3714/p/4372426.html　

番外篇 http://www.cnblogs.com/alex3714/articles/5876749.html 

select 多并发socket 例子

#_*_coding:utf-8_*_
__author__ = ‘Alex Li‘

import select
import socket
import sys
import queue


server = socket.socket()
server.setblocking(0)

server_addr = (‘localhost‘,10000)

print(‘starting up on %s port %s‘ % server_addr)
server.bind(server_addr)

server.listen(5)


inputs = [server, ] #自己也要监测呀,因为server本身也是个fd
outputs = []

message_queues = {}

while True:
    print("waiting for next event...")

    readable, writeable, exeptional = select.select(inputs,outputs,inputs) #如果没有任何fd就绪,那程序就会一直阻塞在这里

    for s in readable: #每个s就是一个socket

        if s is server: #别忘记,上面我们server自己也当做一个fd放在了inputs列表里,传给了select,如果这个s是server,代表server这个fd就绪了,
            #就是有活动了, 什么情况下它才有活动? 当然 是有新连接进来的时候 呀
            #新连接进来了,接受这个连接
            conn, client_addr = s.accept()
            print("new connection from",client_addr)
            conn.setblocking(0)
            inputs.append(conn) #为了不阻塞整个程序,我们不会立刻在这里开始接收客户端发来的数据, 把它放到inputs里, 下一次loop时,这个新连接
            #就会被交给select去监听,如果这个连接的客户端发来了数据 ,那这个连接的fd在server端就会变成就续的,select就会把这个连接返回,返回到
            #readable 列表里,然后你就可以loop readable列表,取出这个连接,开始接收数据了, 下面就是这么干 的

            message_queues[conn] = queue.Queue() #接收到客户端的数据后,不立刻返回 ,暂存在队列里,以后发送

        else: #s不是server的话,那就只能是一个 与客户端建立的连接的fd了
            #客户端的数据过来了,在这接收
            data = s.recv(1024)
            if data:
                print("收到来自[%s]的数据:" % s.getpeername()[0], data)
                message_queues[s].put(data) #收到的数据先放到queue里,一会返回给客户端
                if s not  in outputs:
                    outputs.append(s) #为了不影响处理与其它客户端的连接 , 这里不立刻返回数据给客户端


            else:#如果收不到data代表什么呢? 代表客户端断开了呀
                print("客户端断开了",s)

                if s in outputs:
                    outputs.remove(s) #清理已断开的连接

                inputs.remove(s) #清理已断开的连接

                del message_queues[s] ##清理已断开的连接


    for s in writeable:
        try :
            next_msg = message_queues[s].get_nowait()

        except queue.Empty:
            print("client [%s]" %s.getpeername()[0], "queue is empty..")
            outputs.remove(s)

        else:
            print("sending msg to [%s]"%s.getpeername()[0], next_msg)
            s.send(next_msg.upper())


    for s in exeptional:
        print("handling exception for ",s.getpeername())
        inputs.remove(s)
        if s in outputs:
            outputs.remove(s)
        s.close()

        del message_queues[s]
复制代码

View Code

#_*_coding:utf-8_*_
__author__ = ‘Alex Li‘


import socket
import sys

messages = [ b‘This is the message. ‘,
             b‘It will be sent ‘,
             b‘in parts.‘,
             ]
server_address = (‘localhost‘, 10000)

# Create a TCP/IP socket
socks = [ socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM),
          socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM),
          ]

# Connect the socket to the port where the server is listening
print(‘connecting to %s port %s‘ % server_address)
for s in socks:
    s.connect(server_address)

for message in messages:

    # Send messages on both sockets
    for s in socks:
        print(‘%s: sending "%s"‘ % (s.getsockname(), message) )
        s.send(message)

    # Read responses on both sockets
    for s in socks:
        data = s.recv(1024)
        print( ‘%s: received "%s"‘ % (s.getsockname(), data) )
        if not data:
            print(sys.stderr, ‘closing socket‘, s.getsockname() )
复制代码

View Code

 

selectors模

This module allows high-level and efficient I/O multiplexing, built upon the select module primitives. Users are encouraged to use this module instead, unless they want precise control over the OS-level primitives used.

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import selectors import socket   sel = selectors.DefaultSelector()   def accept(sock, mask):     conn, addr = sock.accept()  # Should be ready     print(‘accepted‘, conn, ‘from‘, addr)     conn.setblocking(False)     sel.register(conn, selectors.EVENT_READ, read)   def read(conn, mask):     data = conn.recv(1000)  # Should be ready     if data:         print(‘echoing‘, repr(data), ‘to‘, conn)         conn.send(data)  # Hope it won‘t block     else:         print(‘closing‘, conn)         sel.unregister(conn)         conn.close()   sock = socket.socket() sock.bind((‘localhost‘, 10000)) sock.listen(100) sock.setblocking(False) sel.register(sock, selectors.EVENT_READ, accept)   while True:     events = sel.select()     for key, mask in events:         callback = key.data         callback(key.fileobj, mask)

　　

数据库操作与Paramiko模块 

http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5095821.html 

 

 

RabbitMQ队列　　

安装 http://www.rabbitmq.com/install-standalone-mac.html

安装python rabbitMQ module 

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pip install pika or easy_install pika or 源码    https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pika

实现最简单的队列通信

 

send端

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#!/usr/bin/env python import pika   connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(                ‘localhost‘)) channel = connection.channel()   #声明queue channel.queue_declare(queue=‘hello‘)   #n RabbitMQ a message can never be sent directly to the queue, it always needs to go through an exchange. channel.basic_publish(exchange=‘‘,                       routing_key=‘hello‘,                       body=‘Hello World!‘) print(" [x] Sent ‘Hello World!‘") connection.close()

receive端

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#_*_coding:utf-8_*_ __author__ = ‘Alex Li‘ import pika   connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(                ‘localhost‘)) channel = connection.channel()     #You may ask why we declare the queue again ? we have already declared it in our previous code. # We could avoid that if we were sure that the queue already exists. For example if send.py program #was run before. But we‘re not yet sure which program to run first. In such cases it‘s a good # practice to repeat declaring the queue in both programs. channel.queue_declare(queue=‘hello‘)   def callback(ch, method, properties, body):     print(" [x] Received %r" % body)   channel.basic_consume(callback,                       queue=‘hello‘,                       no_ack=True)   print(‘ [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C‘) channel.start_consuming()

 

远程连接rabbitmq server的话，需要配置权限 噢 

首先在rabbitmq server上创建一个用户

1	sudo rabbitmqctl  add_user alex alex3714

同时还要配置权限，允许从外面访问

1	sudo rabbitmqctl set_permissions -p / alex ".*" ".*" ".*"

set_permissions [-p vhost] {user} {conf} {write} {read}

vhost

The name of the virtual host to which to grant the user access, defaulting to /.

user

The name of the user to grant access to the specified virtual host.

conf

A regular expression matching resource names for which the user is granted configure permissions.

write

A regular expression matching resource names for which the user is granted write permissions.

read

A regular expression matching resource names for which the user is granted read permissions.

 

 

 

　　

客户端连接的时候需要配置认证参数

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credentials = pika.PlainCredentials(‘alex‘, ‘alex3714‘)     connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(     ‘10.211.55.5‘,5672,‘/‘,credentials)) channel = connection.channel()

　　

　　

Work Queues

 

在这种模式下，RabbitMQ会默认把p发的消息依次分发给各个消费者(c),跟负载均衡差不多

消息提供者代码

import pika
import time
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
    ‘localhost‘))
channel = connection.channel()
 
# 声明queue
channel.queue_declare(queue=‘task_queue‘)
 
# n RabbitMQ a message can never be sent directly to the queue, it always needs to go through an exchange.
import sys
 
message = ‘ ‘.join(sys.argv[1:]) or "Hello World! %s" % time.time()
channel.basic_publish(exchange=‘‘,
                      routing_key=‘task_queue‘,
                      body=message,
                      properties=pika.BasicProperties(
                          delivery_mode=2,  # make message persistent
                      )
                      )
print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)
connection.close()

View Code

 

消费者代码

#_*_coding:utf-8_*_
 
import pika, time
 
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
    ‘localhost‘))
channel = connection.channel()
 
 
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
    time.sleep(20)
    print(" [x] Done")
    print("method.delivery_tag",method.delivery_tag)
    ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag)
 
 
channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue=‘task_queue‘,
                      no_ack=True
                      )
 
print(‘ [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C‘)
channel.start_consuming()

View Code

 

　　

 

此时，先启动消息生产者，然后再分别启动3个消费者，通过生产者多发送几条消息，你会发现，这几条消息会被依次分配到各个消费者身上　　

Doing a task can take a few seconds. You may wonder what happens if one of the consumers starts a long task and dies with it only partly done. With our current code once RabbitMQ delivers message to the customer it immediately removes it from memory. In this case, if you kill a worker we will lose the message it was just processing. We‘ll also lose all the messages that were dispatched to this particular worker but were not yet handled.

But we don‘t want to lose any tasks. If a worker dies, we‘d like the task to be delivered to another worker.

In order to make sure a message is never lost, RabbitMQ supports message acknowledgments. An ack(nowledgement) is sent back from the consumer to tell RabbitMQ that a particular message had been received, processed and that RabbitMQ is free to delete it.

If a consumer dies (its channel is closed, connection is closed, or TCP connection is lost) without sending an ack, RabbitMQ will understand that a message wasn‘t processed fully and will re-queue it. If there are other consumers online at the same time, it will then quickly redeliver it to another consumer. That way you can be sure that no message is lost, even if the workers occasionally die.

There aren‘t any message timeouts; RabbitMQ will redeliver the message when the consumer dies. It‘s fine even if processing a message takes a very, very long time.

Message acknowledgments are turned on by default. In previous examples we explicitly turned them off via the no_ack=True flag. It‘s time to remove this flag and send a proper acknowledgment from the worker, once we‘re done with a task.

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def callback(ch, method, properties, body):     print " [x] Received %r" % (body,)     time.sleep( body.count(‘.‘) )     print " [x] Done"     ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)   channel.basic_consume(callback,                       queue=‘hello‘)

　　Using this code we can be sure that even if you kill a worker using CTRL+C while it was processing a message, nothing will be lost. Soon after the worker dies all unacknowledged messages will be redelivered

　　　　

消息持久化　　

We have learned how to make sure that even if the consumer dies, the task isn‘t lost(by default, if wanna disable  use no_ack=True). But our tasks will still be lost if RabbitMQ server stops.

When RabbitMQ quits or crashes it will forget the queues and messages unless you tell it not to. Two things are required to make sure that messages aren‘t lost: we need to mark both the queue and messages as durable.

First, we need to make sure that RabbitMQ will never lose our queue. In order to do so, we need to declare it as durable:

1	channel.queue_declare(queue=‘hello‘, durable=True)

　　

Although this command is correct by itself, it won‘t work in our setup. That‘s because we‘ve already defined a queue called hello which is not durable. RabbitMQ doesn‘t allow you to redefine an existing queue with different parameters and will return an error to any program that tries to do that. But there is a quick workaround - let‘s declare a queue with different name, for exampletask_queue:

1	channel.queue_declare(queue=‘task_queue‘, durable=True)

　　

This queue_declare change needs to be applied to both the producer and consumer code.

At that point we‘re sure that the task_queue queue won‘t be lost even if RabbitMQ restarts. Now we need to mark our messages as persistent - by supplying a delivery_mode property with a value 2.

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channel.basic_publish(exchange=‘‘,                       routing_key="task_queue",                       body=message,                       properties=pika.BasicProperties(                          delivery_mode = 2, # make message persistent                       ))

消息公平分发

如果Rabbit只管按顺序把消息发到各个消费者身上，不考虑消费者负载的话，很可能出现，一个机器配置不高的消费者那里堆积了很多消息处理不完，同时配置高的消费者却一直很轻松。为解决此问题，可以在各个消费者端，配置perfetch=1,意思就是告诉RabbitMQ在我这个消费者当前消息还没处理完的时候就不要再给我发新消息了。

 

 

1	channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

 

带消息持久化+公平分发的完整代码

生产者端

+ View Code

消费者端

+ View Code

　　

Publish\Subscribe(消息发布\订阅)　

之前的例子都基本都是1对1的消息发送和接收，即消息只能发送到指定的queue里，但有些时候你想让你的消息被所有的Queue收到，类似广播的效果，这时候就要用到exchange了，

An exchange is a very simple thing. On one side it receives messages from producers and the other side it pushes them to queues. The exchange must know exactly what to do with a message it receives. Should it be appended to a particular queue? Should it be appended to many queues? Or should it get discarded. The rules for that are defined by the exchange type.

Exchange在定义的时候是有类型的，以决定到底是哪些Queue符合条件，可以接收消息

fanout: 所有bind到此exchange的queue都可以接收消息
direct: 通过routingKey和exchange决定的那个唯一的queue可以接收消息
topic:所有符合routingKey(此时可以是一个表达式)的routingKey所bind的queue可以接收消息

　　 表达式符号说明：#代表一个或多个字符，*代表任何字符
      例：#.a会匹配a.a，aa.a，aaa.a等
          *.a会匹配a.a，b.a，c.a等
     注：使用RoutingKey为#，Exchange Type为topic的时候相当于使用fanout　

headers: 通过headers 来决定把消息发给哪些queue

 

消息publisher

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消息subscriber

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有选择的接收消息(exchange type=direct)　

RabbitMQ还支持根据关键字发送，即：队列绑定关键字，发送者将数据根据关键字发送到消息exchange，exchange根据 关键字 判定应该将数据发送至指定队列。

 

publisher

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subscriber　

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更细致的消息过滤

Although using the direct exchange improved our system, it still has limitations - it can‘t do routing based on multiple criteria.

In our logging system we might want to subscribe to not only logs based on severity, but also based on the source which emitted the log. You might know this concept from the syslog unix tool, which routes logs based on both severity (info/warn/crit...) and facility (auth/cron/kern...).

That would give us a lot of flexibility - we may want to listen to just critical errors coming from ‘cron‘ but also all logs from ‘kern‘.

 

publisher

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subscriber

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To receive all the logs run:

python receive_logs_topic.py "#"

To receive all logs from the facility "kern":

python receive_logs_topic.py "kern.*"

Or if you want to hear only about "critical" logs:

python receive_logs_topic.py "*.critical"

You can create multiple bindings:

python receive_logs_topic.py "kern.*" "*.critical"

And to emit a log with a routing key "kern.critical" type:

python emit_log_topic.py "kern.critical" "A critical kernel error"

　　

Remote procedure call (RPC)

To illustrate how an RPC service could be used we‘re going to create a simple client class. It‘s going to expose a method named call which sends an RPC request and blocks until the answer is received:

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fibonacci_rpc = FibonacciRpcClient() result = fibonacci_rpc.call(4) print("fib(4) is %r" % result)

RPC server

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RPC client

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Memcached & Redis使用　

memcached 

http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/5132791.html 　

 

redis 使用

http://www.cnblogs.com/alex3714/articles/6217453.html　　

　

Twsited异步网络框架

Twisted是一个事件驱动的网络框架，其中包含了诸多功能，例如：网络协议、线程、数据库管理、网络操作、电子邮件等。　

事件驱动

简而言之，事件驱动分为二个部分：第一，注册事件；第二，触发事件。

自定义事件驱动框架，命名为：“弑君者”：

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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-   # event_drive.py   event_list = []     def run():     for event in event_list:         obj = event()         obj.execute()     class BaseHandler(object):     """     用户必须继承该类，从而规范所有类的方法（类似于接口的功能）     """     def execute(self):         raise Exception(‘you must overwrite execute‘)   最牛逼的事件驱动框架

程序员使用“弑君者框架”：　　

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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*-   from source import event_drive     class MyHandler(event_drive.BaseHandler):       def execute(self):         print ‘event-drive execute MyHandler‘     event_drive.event_list.append(MyHandler) event_drive.run()

 

Protocols

Protocols描述了如何以异步的方式处理网络中的事件。HTTP、DNS以及IMAP是应用层协议中的例子。Protocols实现了IProtocol接口，它包含如下的方法：

makeConnection               


           
                本文系统来源：http://www.cnblogs.com/xuaijun/p/7327257.html                
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