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2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
http://localhost:8888/notebooks/Downloads/qqq/%5BCS3640%2C%20Assignment%203%5D%20Internet%20Routing.ipynb 1/27
CS 3640: Introduction to Networks and Their
Applications [Fall 2018]
Instructor: Rishab Nithyanand (Office hours: Wednesday 9-10 am or by appointment)
Teaching assistant: Md. Kowsar Hossain (Office hours: Monday 1:30-2:30 pm)
Assignment 3: Internet Routing
Released on: October 4th, 2018 | Due by: October 18th, 2018 (11:59:59 pm)
Maximum score: 100 | Value towards final grade: 13%
I. Groups
As stated in class, on the website, and on Piazza, this assignment will be done in groups of 4 or 5.
Here are the groups for this assignment.
Group ID Hawk IDs of group members
1 'kzhang24', 'dstutz', 'xxing2', 'atran4'
2 'lburden', 'hrunning', 'ppeterschmidt', 'jglowacki'
3 'bzhang22', 'mfmrphy', 'jmagri', 'sklemm'
4 'yzheng19', 'hpen', 'apizzimenti', 'tgoodmn'
5 'ywang391', 'okueter', 'ymann', 'lye1'
6 'msmith3', 'jblue', 'zluo1', 'yonghfan'
7 'gongyzhou', 'mcagley', 'ywang455', 'kdzhou'
8 'gmich', 'xiaosong', 'tsimonson', 'shangwchen'
9 'nsonalkar', 'bchoskins', 'apatrck', 'yitzhou'
10 'awestemeier', 'uupadhyay', 'tnlowry', 'jpflint'
11 'jpthiede', 'nicgoh', 'rdong6', 'susmerano'
12 'godkin', 'cweiske', 'weigui', 'jstoltz'
13 'jdhatch', 'xchen117', 'trjns', 'zzhang103'
Getting in touch with your team
Use the HawkIDs listed to email your team-mates or make a post on Piazza. If you're unable to get
in touch with any member of your team, let me know ASAP!
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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Congeniality and healthy collaboration
I will take complaints of discrimination and harassment extremely seriously and these will be
reported to the appropriate authorities. You are expected to treat your classmates with respect and
kindness.
II. Submission
Each group is to submit this notebook after filling in the blank cells as instructed. The submissions
are due on ICON at 23:59:59 on October 19th, 2018. The last submission submitted by a team
member before midnight on the due date will be the one graded unless ALL team members let the
TA and me know that they want another submission to be graded (the late penalty if a submission
made past the due date is chosen).
Late submissions
I am being generous in the amount of time allotted to this assignment to account for difficulties in
scheduling meetings, etc. There will be no extensions of the due date under any circumstances. If a
submission is received past the due date, the late policy detailed on the course webpage will apply.
Team-mate feedback
Each team member may also send me an email (rishab-nithyanand@uiowa.edu (mailto:rishabnithyanand@uiowa.edu))
with subject "Feedback: Assignment 3, Group N" detailing their
experience working with each of their team-mates. For each team member, tell me at least
one good thing and one thing they could improve. These will be anonymized and released to
each individual at the end of the term. It's important to know how to work well in a team and
early feedback before you move on to bigger and better things is always helpful. Sending
feedback for all 4 assignments will fetch you a 4% bonus at the end of the term. Note: Sending
with an incorrect subject line means that the email will not get forwarded to the right inbox.
III. Learning goals
My goal is to give you assignments that will help you build a nice starter pack of computer
networking skills that will help you get a better picture of how the Internet works in addition to
helping you in the real-world.
In this assignment you will learn how BGP and Internet routing works in the real world. I expect that
by the end of this assignment you should know how to:
Parse BGP route announcements and withdrawals (Task 1)
Build a simplified router which maintains a routing table based on BGP updates it receives (Task
2)
Identify BGP route announcements that appear to be malicious (Task 2)
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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This assignment is especially cool because you will be dealing with real BGP data from a real world
Autonomous System obtained by the RouteViews project at the University of Oregon. You can read
more about RouteViews here: http://www.routeviews.org/routeviews/
(http://www.routeviews.org/routeviews/). You will also be identifying and defending against a real
BGP hijack that took YouTube off the Internet for about 15 minutes in 2008. You can read about this
BGP hijack here: https://www.cnet.com/news/how-pakistan-knocked-youtube-offline-and-how-tomake-sure-it-never-happens-again/
(https://www.cnet.com/news/how-pakistan-knocked-youtubeoffline-and-how-to-make-sure-it-never-happens-again/)
Note
Some of the IP address manipulation you will do in this assignment will be very complicated. I highly
recommed that you get familiar with the ipaddr python library (from Google). Documentation is
limited, but the source code (available here: https://github.com/google/ipaddrpy/blob/master/ipaddr.py
(https://github.com/google/ipaddr-py/blob/master/ipaddr.py)) will show
you what classes and methods it makes available. Use this instead of reinventing the wheel and
implementing your own library/functions!
IV. Team Information
Fill in your team information in this cell.
Group ID: XX
Group members: AAA, BBB, CCC, DDD, EEE
V. Task 1: Parsing BGP update messages [30 points]
Goal: Your first task is to parse BGP updates received by BGP routers.
Data:
BGP updates are archived in a MRT (Multi-threaded Routing Toolkit) binary format.
The BGP updates that you will use are in the ~/Desktop/assignment-
3/archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPDATES folder.
The filenames are formatted as updates.<YYYY><MM><DD>.<HH><MM>.bz2 where YYYY is
the 4-digit year, MM is the 2-digit month, DD is the 2-digit day, HH is the 2-digit hour, and MM
is the 2-digit minute.
Each of these MRT files contains multiple MRT records. Each MRT record contains a dump of
the BGP messages received by the router. These include all the paths announced and
withdrawn by neighboring routers.
The data provided is for the week of Feb 19-25, 2008.
Resources:
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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You can read more about the MRT format specs here: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6396
(https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6396)
You can see an example of how to parse MRT files using pybgpdump here:
https://github.com/alexchap/Albatros-Project/tree/master/testing/tools/mdfmt/pybgpdumpread-only/samples
(https://github.com/alexchap/AlbatrosProject/tree/master/testing/tools/mdfmt/pybgpdump-read-only/samples)
Place your imports in the following cell. Remember your code will be executed on the exact version
of the VM that I supplied, so do not rely on things that you just installed.
In:
You will first populate the code in the following class called ParseUpdates which will handle all
functions related to reading and parsing an MRT file.
The __init__ method, which initializaed all the public attributes of the class, has been
written for you.
A blank template for each method is provided in the following cell. It is here just to make sure
that we don't have any errors while testing. You will overload these methods in subsequent
cells. Do not populate them here.
from pybgpdump import BGPDump
from dpkt import bgp
import ipaddr
import socket
import time
import sys
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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In?[?]:
Step 1: Opening and iterating through an MRT file (5 points)
The first method you will write/overload in the ParseUpdates class is parse_updates . This
function will be called any time we want to start parsing the file passed while initializing the
ParseUpdates object.
Name: parse_updates
Arguments: None
Logic:
You will create a dump of the MRT file using the BGPDump method from the pybgpdump
library.
You will then iterate through each update in each BGP message of each MRT record in the
dump to figure out if the record is an route announcement or a route withdrawal. You might find
class ParseUpdates:
"""ParseUpdates will handle all functions related to parsing an MRT file

Attributes:
filename (str): The name of the file that this ParseUpdate object is
announcements (dict of lists): Keyed by the MRT header timestamp.
Contains list of all route announceme
withdrawals (dict of lists): Keyed by the MRT header timestamp.
Contains list of all route withdrawals
n_announcements (int): The number of routes announced by BGP message
n_withdrawals (int): The number of routes withdrawn by BGP messages
time_to_parse (int): The time taken to parse the updates contained i
start_time (int): The timestamp of the first update seen in this fil
end_time (int): The timestamp of the last update seen in this file.
"""

def __init__(self, filename):
self.filename = filename
self.announcements, self.withdrawals = {}, {}
self.n_announcements, self.n_withdrawals = 0, 0
self.time_to_parse, self.start_time, self.end_time = 0, 0, 0

def parse_updates(self):
return

def __parse_announcement_update(self, mrt_header, bgp_header, bgp_messag
self.n_announcements += 1
return

def __parse_withdrawal_update(self, mrt_header, bgp_header, bgp_message,
self.n_withdrawals += 1
return

def get_next_updates(self):
return
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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this example useful: https://github.com/alexchap/AlbatrosProject/blob/master/testing/tools/mdfmt/pybgpdump-read-only/samples/simple.py
(https://github.com/alexchap/Albatros-Project/blob/master/testing/tools/mdfmt/pybgpdumpread-only/samples/simple.py).
Some things to know about the files you are parsing:
A single MRT file can have multiple MRT records, each with its own MRT header.
A single MRT record can have multiple BGP messages, each with its own BGP header.
A single BGP message can have multiple updates -- i.e., route announcements and route
withdrawals.
If the update is an announcement, then you should call the
__parse_announcement_update method.
If the update is a withdrawal, then you should call the __parse_withdrawal_update
method.
You should record how long it takes to parse the entire file in the time_to_parse attribute.
Returns: True if the file was successfully parsed. False if an exception occurred. Make sure to
print the exception after you catch it.
Testing function: You may use the testing method task_1_step_1_test to check if your
parse_updates method is working as expected.
In:
The task_1_step_1_test method should print:
the number of announcement and withdrawal records seen by the parse_updates method.
the time taken to parse all records in an MRT file.
Output: For the file updates.20080219.0015.bz2 , this is what your output should be.
Time taken to parse all records: 1 seconds
Routes announced: 74851 | Routes withdrawn: 8393
In:
Step 2: Parsing announcement updates (10 points)
The next method that you will write/overload in the ParseUpdates class is
__parse_announcement_update .
Name: __parse_announcement_update
class ParseUpdates(ParseUpdates):
def parse_updates(self):
return True
def task_1_step_1_test():
pu = ParseUpdates(filename="./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPD
pu.parse_updates()
print("Time taken to parse all records: %d second(s)" % pu.time_to_parse
print("Routes announced: %d | Routes withdrawn: %d" % (pu.n_announcement
task_1_step_1_test()
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Arguments:
mrt_header : This is the header of the MRT record containing the route announcement.
bgp_header : This is the header of the BGP message containing the route announcement.
bgp_message : This is the BGP message containing the route announcement.
announcement : This is the actual announcement in the BGP message.
Logic:
You will need to extract the timestamp of the message. You can get this by looking in the MRT
header.
You will need to extract the CIDR IP address block being updated by the BGP message. You
can get this from the actual announcement. Note: Use the socket.inet_ntoa method to
convert binary prefix into a readable IP address. You might find it helpful to convert the IP
address block into an IPv4Network format (from the ipaddr library. You can see the
methods available through the ipaddr library here: https://github.com/google/ipaddrpy/blob/master/ipaddr.py
(https://github.com/google/ipaddr-py/blob/master/ipaddr.py) and look
at how to use some of these on the wiki here: https://github.com/google/ipaddrpy/blob/master/wiki/ExampleUsage.wiki
(https://github.com/google/ipaddrpy/blob/master/wiki/ExampleUsage.wiki).
You will need to extract the source AS of the BGP message. You can get this by looking in the
BGP header.
You will need to extract the AS path advertised. You can get this by looking in the attributes of
the BGP header.
You will need to extract the IP address of the next hop router. You can get this by looking in the
attributes of the BGP message. You will need to convert this from an int representation into a
standard IP string format.
You will create a dictionary update which has the following keys populated by the data you
just extracted: timestamp , destination_block (this is the advertised CIDR IP address
block being updated), next_hop , source_as , and as_path .
Update the announcements attribute with this new record. Remember: announcements is
a dictionary of lists keyed by timestamp . There will be multiple messages for a single
timestamp, so make sure that you aren't overwriting any existing entries when you should be
appending to the already existing entries instead.
Returns: True if the announcement was successfully parsed. False if an exception occurred.
Make sure to print the exception after you catch it.
Testing function: You may use the testing method task_1_step_2_test to check if your
__parse_announcement_update method is working as expected.
Resources:
You may borrow code from the MRT parser shown here: https://github.com/alexchap/AlbatrosProject/blob/master/testing/tools/mdfmt/pybgpdump-read-only/samples/route_btoa.py
(https://github.com/alexchap/Albatros-Project/blob/master/testing/tools/mdfmt/pybgpdumpread-only/samples/route_btoa.py)
You might find the dir(object) instruction useful to see what attributes are available in
mrt_header , bgp_header , and bgp_message . Note: Some of these will be in binary --
but you really don't need these.
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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An explanation of how to parse MRT files using pybgpdump from its author:
https://jon.oberheide.org/blog/2009/03/25/dpkt-tutorial-4-as-paths-from-mrt-bgp/
(https://jon.oberheide.org/blog/2009/03/25/dpkt-tutorial-4-as-paths-from-mrt-bgp/)
In:
The task_1_step_2_test method should print:
the number of unique announcement timestamps.
the number of times that the __parse_announcement_record method was called.
the total number of announcements processed successfully.
the time taken to parse all records.
Output: For the file updates.20080219.0015.bz2 , this is what your output should be.
Number of unique announcement timestamps: 801
Number of times method was called: 74851
Number of announcements processed successfully: 74851
Time taken to parse all records: 4 second(s)
In:
Step 3: Parsing withdrawal updates (10 points)
The next method that you will write/overload in the ParseUpdates class is
__parse_withdrawal_update .
Name: __parse_withdrawal_update
Arguments:
mrt_header : This is the header of the MRT record containing the route withdrawal.
bgp_header : This is the header of the BGP message containing the route withdrawal.
bgp_message : This is the BGP message containing the route withdrawal.
withdrawal : This is the actual withdrawal in the BGP message.
class ParseUpdates(ParseUpdates):
def __parse_announcement_update(self, mrt_header, bgp_header, bgp_messag
self.n_announcements += 1
return True
def task_1_step_2_test():
pu = ParseUpdates(filename="./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPD
pu.parse_updates()
print("Number of unique announcement timestamps: %d" % len(pu.announceme
print("Number of times method was called: %d " % pu.n_announcements)
valid_announcements = 0
for timestamp in pu.announcements.keys():
valid_announcements += len(pu.announcements[timestamp])
print("Number of announcements processed successfully: %d" % valid_annou
print("Time taken to parse all records: %d second(s)" % pu.time_to_parse
task_1_step_2_test()
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Logic:
You will need to extract the timestamp of the message. You can get this by looking in the MRT
header.
You will need to extract the CIDR IP address block being updated by the BGP message. You
can get this from the actual announcement. Note: Use the socket.inet_ntoa method to
convert binary prefix into a readable IP address. You might find it helpful to convert the IP
address block into an IPv4Network format (from the ipaddr library. You can see the
methods available through the ipaddr library here: https://github.com/google/ipaddrpy/blob/master/ipaddr.py
(https://github.com/google/ipaddr-py/blob/master/ipaddr.py) and look
at how to use some of these on the wiki here: https://github.com/google/ipaddrpy/blob/master/wiki/ExampleUsage.wiki
(https://github.com/google/ipaddrpy/blob/master/wiki/ExampleUsage.wiki).
You will need to extract the source AS of the BGP message. You can get this by looking in the
BGP header.
You will create a dictionary update which has the following keys populated by the data you
just extracted: timestamp , destination_block (this is the advertised CIDR IP address
block being updated), and source_as .
Update the withdrawals attribute with this new record. Remember: withdrawals is a
dictionary of lists keyed by timestamp . There will be multiple messages for a single
timestamp, so make sure that you aren't overwriting any existing entries when you should be
appending to the already existing entries instead.
Returns: True if the announcement was successfully parsed. False if an exception occurred.
Make sure to print the exception after you catch it.
Testing function: You may use the testing method task_1_step_3_test to check if your
__parse_withdrawal_update method is working as expected.
Resources:
You may borrow code from the MRT parser shown here: https://github.com/alexchap/AlbatrosProject/blob/master/testing/tools/mdfmt/pybgpdump-read-only/samples/route_btoa.py
(https://github.com/alexchap/Albatros-Project/blob/master/testing/tools/mdfmt/pybgpdumpread-only/samples/route_btoa.py)
You might find the dir(object) instruction useful to see what attributes are available in
mrt_header , bgp_header , and bgp_message . Note: Some of these will be in binary --
but you really don't need these.
An explanation of how to parse MRT files using pybgpdump from its author:
https://jon.oberheide.org/blog/2009/03/25/dpkt-tutorial-4-as-paths-from-mrt-bgp/
(https://jon.oberheide.org/blog/2009/03/25/dpkt-tutorial-4-as-paths-from-mrt-bgp/)
In:
The task_1_step_3_test method should print:
the number of unique withdrawal timestamps.
class ParseUpdates(ParseUpdates):
def __parse_withdrawal_update(self, mrt_header, bgp_header, bgp_message,
self.n_withdrawals += 1
return True
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the number of times that the __parse_withdrawal_record method was called.
the total number of withdrawals processed successfully.
the time taken to parse all records.
Output: For the file updates.20080219.0015.bz2 , this is what your output should be.
Number of unique withdrawal timestamps: 685
Number of times method was called: 8393
Number of withdrawal processed successfully: 8393
Time taken to parse all records: 4 second(s)
In:
Step 4: Streaming BGP updates (5 points)
The next method that you will write/overload in the ParseUpdates class is
get_next_updates . This method will allow us to stream the BGP update messages from our
objects. Basically we'll end up with a method that we can call anytime we want to know the next
batch of updates a router would receive from its neighbors.
Name: get_next_updates
Arguments: None
Logic:
You will sort the unique keys (which are timestamps) of the announcements and
withdrawals attributes.
You will loop through the sorted keys and yield any announcements and withdrawals
associated with those keys in the following format: {"timestamp": <timestamp>,
"announcements": <list of announcements>, "withdrawals": <list of
withdrawals>} .
When there are no more updates to yield, return {"timestamp": None,
"announcements": None, "withdrawals": None} .
Example: Lets say we had the following announcements and withdrawals after parsing all the
updates.
announcements = {timestamp_0: [a_0, a_1, a_2], timestamp_2: [a_3]}
def task_1_step_3_test():
pu = ParseUpdates(filename="./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPD
pu.parse_updates()
print("Number of unique withdrawal timestamps: %d" % len(pu.withdrawals.
print("Number of times method was called: %d " % pu.n_withdrawals)
valid_withdrawals = 0
for timestamp in pu.withdrawals.keys():
valid_withdrawals += len(pu.withdrawals[timestamp])
print("Number of withdrawal processed successfully: %d" % valid_withdraw
print("Time taken to parse all records: %d second(s)" % pu.time_to_parse
task_1_step_3_test()
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withdrawals = {timestamp_0: [w_0, w_1], timestamp_1: [w_2]}
where timestamp_0 < timestamp_1 < timestamp_2 .
The first time you call the function it needs to return all the announcement and withdrawal updates
that came in at timestamp_0 -- i.e., {"timestamp": timestamp_0, "announcements":
[a_0, a_1, a_2], "withdrawals": [w_0, w_1]} . The next time you call it, it should return
all the updates that came in at timestamp_1 -- i.e., {"timestamp": timestamp_1,
"announcements": None, "withdrawals": w_2} . The third time you call it, it should return
all the updates that came in at timestamp_2 -- i.e., {"timestamp": timestamp_2,
"announcements": a_3, "withdrawals": None} . Now there are no more records to return.
If we reach this point and the function is called again, it needs to return {"timestamp": None,
"announcements": None, "withdrawals": None} .
Testing function: You may use the testing method task_1_step_4_test to check if your
__get_next_updates method is working as expected.
Resources:
If you are not familiar with how yield works or what generators are, you might want to read
this: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/231767/what-does-the-yield-keyword-do
(https://stackoverflow.com/questions/231767/what-does-the-yield-keyword-do)
In:
The task_1_step_4_test method should print:
the all the updates that were received in each of the unique timestamps seen in this MRT file.
Output: (a snippet from the end of the print) For the file updates.20080219.0015.bz2 , this is
what your output should be.
****Timestamp: 1203381003****
At timestamp 1203381003, we had: 30 announcements and 5 withdrawals
****Timestamp: 1203381004****
At timestamp 1203381004, we had: 9 announcements and 2 withdrawals
*** No more updates in file: ./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.0
2/UPDATES/updates.20080219.0015.bz2 ***
Note: You can remove the comments around the looped print statements to actually see these
updates as they come in.
class ParseUpdates(ParseUpdates):
def get_next_updates(self):
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In:
V. Task 2: Building a simple routing table using your BGP
update stream [30 points]
Goal: Build a simple routing table.
The ParseUpdates class and its get_next_updates method that you just wrote will provide
you with simplified BGP update messages that you will use to populate entries in your routing table.
The routing table you will end up building will be something that will actually work in the real world --
it won't allow you to apply the super complicated policies that ASes apply these days, but it will help
you get packets to where they need to go!
You will populate the code in the following class called RoutingTable which will handle all
functions related to handling our simplified BGP update messages.
The __init__ method, which initializes all the public attributes of the class, has been written
for you.
A blank template for each method is provided in the following cell. It is here just to make sure
that we don't have any errors while testing. You will overload these methods in subsequent
cells. Do not populate them here.
def task_1_step_4_test():
pu = ParseUpdates(filename="./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPD
pu.parse_updates()
updates = pu.get_next_updates()
while True:
next_updates = updates.next()
try:
n_announcements = len(next_updates["announcements"])
#for announcement in next_updates["announcements"]:
# print announcement
except TypeError:
n_announcements = 0
try:
n_withdrawals = len(next_updates["withdrawals"])
#for withdrawal in next_updates["withdrawals"]:
# print withdrawal
except TypeError:
n_withdrawals = 0
try:
timestamp = next_updates["timestamp"]
print("\n****Timestamp: %d****" % next_updates["timestamp"])
print ("At timestamp %d, we had: %d announcements and %d withdra

except Exception:
print("\n\n*** No more updates in file: %s ***" % pu.filename)
break

task_1_step_4_test()
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
http://localhost:8888/notebooks/Downloads/qqq/%5BCS3640%2C%20Assignment%203%5D%20Internet%20Routing.ipynb 13/27
In?[?]:
Step 1: Handle incoming route announcements (5 points)
The first method you will write/overload in the RoutingTable class is apply_announcement .
This function will be called any time we want update our routing table with a new announcement
message.
Name: apply_announcement
Arguments:
announcement (dict): This contains entries for timestamp , source_as , next_hop ,
as_path , and destination_block .
Logic:
Update the total_updates_received attribute.
Update the time_of_earliest_update and time_of_latest_update attributes.
Check if entry an already exists in our routing table for destination block advertised by
announcement .
If an entry exists, you will check to see if the path advertised by announcement is shorter
than the path available through the current entry. If it is, then you will update the corresponding
class RoutingTable:
"""RoutingTable will handle all functions related to handling simplified

Attributes:
routing_table (dict): All the entries in the routing table. Keyed by
time_of_earliest_update (int): The timestamp of the first update see
time_of_latest_update (int): The timestamp of the last update seen b
total_updates_received (int): The total number of BGP updates ever s
total_paths_changed (int): The total number of paths to a destinatio
"""
def __init__(self):
self.routing_table = {}
self.time_of_earliest_update, self.time_of_latest_update = sys.maxin
self.total_updates_received = 0
self.total_paths_changed = 0
def apply_announcement(self, update):
return

def apply_withdrawal(self, update):
return

def find_path_to_destination(self, destination):
return

def measure_reachability(self):
return

def collapse_routing_table(self):
return
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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entry in the routing_table attribute and update the total_paths_changed attribute.
If no entry exists, create a new entry in the routing_table attribute for the destination block
advertised by announcement .
Routing table format: The routing table will be stored as a dictionary of dictionaries in the
routing_table attribute. The dictionary will be keyed by the CIDR IP block. Each value is a
dictionary containing source_as , timestamp , as_path , and next_hop entries.
Returns: True if no exceptions occurred. False if an exception occurred. Make sure to print the
exception after you catch it.
Testing function: You may use the testing method task_2_step_1_test to check if your
apply_announcement method is working as expected.
In:
The task_2_step_1_test method should print:
The number of entries in the routing table and all the integer attributes of the table.
Output: For the file updates.20080219.0015.bz2 , this is what your output should be.
Number of routing table entries: 5547
First update in table was received at: 1203380111 | Last update in t
able was received at: 1203381004
Total number of updates received: 70501 | Total number of path chang
es: 2394
class RoutingTable(RoutingTable):
def apply_announcement(self, announcement):
return True
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
http://localhost:8888/notebooks/Downloads/qqq/%5BCS3640%2C%20Assignment%203%5D%20Internet%20Routing.ipynb 15/27
In?[?]:
Step 2: Handle incoming route withdrawals (5 points)
The next method you will write/overload in the RoutingTable class is apply_withdrawal .
This function will be called any time we want update our routing table with a new withdrawal
message.
Name: apply_withdrawal
Arguments:
withdrawal (dict): This contains entries for timestamp , source_as , and
destination_block .
Logic:
Update the total_updates_received attribute.
Update the time_of_earliest_update and time_of_latest_update attributes.
Check if entry an already exists in our routing table for destination block advertised by
withdrawal .
If an entry exists, you will check to see if the source of the update is the same as the source of
the current entry. If it is, then you will delete the corresponding entry in the routing_table
attribute and update the total_paths_changed attribute.
If no entry exists (with the same source), you can ignore the update.
Returns: True if no exceptions occurred. False if an exception occurred. Make sure to print the
exception after you catch it.
def task_2_step_1_test():
pu = ParseUpdates(filename="./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPD
rt = RoutingTable()
pu.parse_updates()
updates = pu.get_next_updates()
while True:
next_updates = updates.next()
try:
n_announcements = len(next_updates["announcements"])
except TypeError:
n_announcements = 0
if next_updates["timestamp"] == None:
break
for i in range(0, n_announcements):
rt.apply_announcement(next_updates["announcements"][i])
print("Number of routing table entries: %d" % len(rt.routing_table.keys(
print("First update in table was received at: %d | Last update in table

print("Total number of updates received: %d | Total number of path chang
task_2_step_1_test()
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
http://localhost:8888/notebooks/Downloads/qqq/%5BCS3640%2C%20Assignment%203%5D%20Internet%20Routing.ipynb 16/27
Testing function: You may use the testing method task_2_step_2_test to check if your
apply_withdrawal method is working as expected.
In:
The task_2_step_2_test method should print:
The number of entries in the routing table and all the integer attributes of the table.
Output: For the file updates.20080219.0015.bz2 , this is what your output should be.
Number of routing table entries: 5509
First update in table was received at: 1203380111 | Last update in t
able was received at: 1203381004
Total number of updates received: 79834 | Total number of path chang
es: 3720
In:
class RoutingTable(RoutingTable):
def apply_withdrawal(self, withdrawal):
return True
def task_2_step_2_test():
pu = ParseUpdates(filename="./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPD
rt = RoutingTable()
pu.parse_updates()
updates = pu.get_next_updates()
while True:
next_updates = updates.next()
try:
n_announcements = len(next_updates["announcements"])
except TypeError:
n_announcements = 0
try:
n_withdrawals = len(next_updates["withdrawals"])
except TypeError:
n_withdrawals = 0
if next_updates["timestamp"] == None:
break
for i in range(0, n_announcements):
rt.apply_announcement(next_updates["announcements"][i])
for i in range(0, n_withdrawals):
rt.apply_withdrawal(next_updates["withdrawals"][i])

print("Number of routing table entries: %d" % len(rt.routing_table.keys(
print("First update in table was received at: %d | Last update in table

print("Total number of updates received: %d | Total number of path chang
task_2_step_2_test()
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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Step 3: Measure reachability (10 points)
The next method you will write/overload in the RoutingTable class is
measure_reachability . This function will report the fraction of IP addresses that are reachable
by the router with its current routing table.
Name: measure_reachability
Arguments: None
Logic:
Find CIDR blocks in your routing table that can be collapsed into a single CIDR block. For
example: 100.0.0.0/24 and 10.0.0.0/16 are two different entries that can both reach
10.0.0.0-255 .
Collapse these blocks (do not modify your routing table while doing so!)
Count how many unique IP address are contained in the collapsed CIDR blocks.
Returns: If no exceptions occur, the method returns the fraction of all IP addresses reachable by
your current routing table. Returns None otherwise.
Testing function: You may use the testing method task_2_step_3_test to check if your
measure_reachability method is working as expected.
2
32
In?[?]:
The task_2_step_3_test method should print:
The fraction of the IPv4 addresses that are reachable by the current routing table.
Output: For the file updates.20080219.0015.bz2 , this is what your output should be.
Number of routing table entries: 5509
First update in table was received at: 1203380111 | Last update in t
able was received at: 1203381004
Total number of updates received: 79834 | Total number of path chang
es: 3720
Percentage of IPv4 addresses reachable with our routing table: 1.003
39069031%
class RoutingTable(RoutingTable):
def measure_reachability(self):
return
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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In?[?]:
Step 4: Find routes (5 points)
The next method you will write/overload in the RoutingTable class is
find_path_to_destination . This function figure out what route an incoming packet should
take to reach its destination ip address. If there are multiple paths that are available, it will return
them all in order of decreasing CIDR prefix.
Name: find_path_to_destination
Arguments: destination_ip_address (str): The destination IP address to which the packet
must be routed.
Logic: You will implement "longest prefix match" routing. Read this for more about longest-prefix
matching: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_prefix_match
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_prefix_match).
Find all paths that are available to a destination IP.
Sort them in order of prefix length, so that the longest prefix is the first entry in the list.
Returns:
def task_2_step_3_test():
pu = ParseUpdates(filename="./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPD
rt = RoutingTable()
pu.parse_updates()
updates = pu.get_next_updates()
while True:
next_updates = updates.next()
try:
n_announcements = len(next_updates["announcements"])
except TypeError:
n_announcements = 0
try:
n_withdrawals = len(next_updates["withdrawals"])
except TypeError:
n_withdrawals = 0
if next_updates["timestamp"] == None:
break
for i in range(0, n_announcements):
rt.apply_announcement(next_updates["announcements"][i])
for i in range(0, n_withdrawals):
rt.apply_withdrawal(next_updates["withdrawals"][i])

print("Number of routing table entries: %d" % len(rt.routing_table.keys(
print("First update in table was received at: %d | Last update in table

print("Total number of updates received: %d | Total number of path chang
reachability = rt.measure_reachability()
print("Percentage of IPv4 addresses reachable with our routing table: %s
task_2_step_3_test()
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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A list of {"as_path": <as_path>, "next_hop": <next_hop>, "prefix_len": <prefix
len>, "source_as": <source_as>} dictionaries sorted in decreasing order of the prefix
length of the CIDR block that the corresponding routing table entry was for. Return [{"as_path":
None, "next_hop": None, "prefix_len": None, "source_as": None}] if there are
exceptions.
Testing function: You may use the testing method task_2_step_4_test to check if your
find_path_to_destination method is working as expected.
In:
The task_2_step_4_test method should print:
The AS-level paths and next_hop entries for a sequence of IP destinations.
Output: For the file updates.20080219.0015.bz2 , this is what your output should look like.
Paths available to destination: 8.8.8.8
0 8.8.8.8 {'prefix_len': None, 'next_hop': None, 'as_path': None, 's
ource_as': None}
Paths available to destination: 125.161.0.1
0 125.161.0.1 {'prefix_len': 16, 'next_hop': IPv4Address('134.222.8
7.3'), 'as_path': [286, 3491, 24077, 7713, 17974], 'source_as': 286}
1 125.161.0.1 {'prefix_len': 18, 'next_hop': IPv4Address('134.222.8
7.3'), 'as_path': [286, 6762, 7473, 7713, 17974], 'source_as': 286}
Paths available to destination: 190.44.64.1
0 190.44.64.1 {'prefix_len': 16, 'next_hop': IPv4Address('164.128.3
2.11'), 'as_path': [3303, 3356, 3549, 22047], 'source_as': 3303}
1 190.44.64.1 {'prefix_len': 19, 'next_hop': IPv4Address('164.128.3
2.11'), 'as_path': [3303, 3356, 3549, 22047], 'source_as': 3303}
class RoutingTable(RoutingTable):
def find_path_to_destination(self, destination):
return
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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In?[?]:
Step 5: Collapse routing table [simple version: 5 points] or [more realistic
version: 10 points]
The next method you will write/overload in the RoutingTable class is
collapse_routing_table . This function will check to see if there are redundant entries in
routing_table and collapse them into a single entry.
Name: collapse_routing_table
Arguments: None
Logic:
For each entry in routing_table , check to see if there is another entry whose: (1)
destination CIDR IP block completely contains it and (2) has the same source_as ,
as_path , and next_hop attributes. If such a match exists, then delete the one with the
longest prefix.
If you merge records, update the timestamp attribute to the max of all the entries being
merged.
def task_2_step_4_test():
pu = ParseUpdates(filename="./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPD
rt = RoutingTable()
pu.parse_updates()
updates = pu.get_next_updates()
while True:
next_updates = updates.next()
try:
n_announcements = len(next_updates["announcements"])
except TypeError:
n_announcements = 0
try:
n_withdrawals = len(next_updates["withdrawals"])
except TypeError:
n_withdrawals = 0
if next_updates["timestamp"] == None:
break
for i in range(0, n_announcements):
rt.apply_announcement(next_updates["announcements"][i])
for i in range(0, n_withdrawals):
rt.apply_withdrawal(next_updates["withdrawals"][i])
for destination in ["8.8.8.8", "125.161.0.1", "190.44.64.1"]:
paths = rt.find_path_to_destination(destination)
print("Paths available to destination: %s" % destination)
for idx, path in enumerate(paths):
print idx, destination, path

task_2_step_4_test()
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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Bonus (+5 points): In a real router you would also have to do CIDR block merging (which we
went over in class), which you may implement for a bonus of 5 points. Set is_bonus=True if
you want us to evaluate your attempt at the bonus question. If your method fails, you will
not score any points for this step.
Returns: True if no exceptions occurred. False if an exception occurred. Make sure to print the
exception after you catch it.
Important: Doing pairwise comparisons is prohibitively expensive and will likely run for a long time.
Think of more clever ways to collapse entries or rules that can filter out a large number of
comparisons. I was able to find a way to do this at the rate of 47 seconds/file on the VM using some
functions from the ipaddr library. Can you find a way to do this faster?
Testing function: You may use the testing method task_2_step_5_test to check if your
collapse_routing_table method is working as expected.
In:
The task_2_step_5_test method should print:
The number of entries in the routing table prior to the collapse call.
The routes to a set of destination IP addresses prior to the collapse call.
The number of entries in the routing table after the collapse call.
The routes to a set of destination IP addresses after the collapse call.
Output: For the file updates.20080219.0015.bz2 , this is what your output should look like.
class RoutingTable(RoutingTable):
def collapse_routing_table(self):

is_bonus = False
if is_bonus:
print("*** bonus attempted ***")

return
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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[Pre] | Number of routing table entries: 5509
[Pre] | Percentage of IPv4 addresses reachable with our routing tabl
e: 1.00339069031%
[Pre] | Paths available to destination: 8.8.8.8
0 8.8.8.8 {'prefix_len': None, 'next_hop': None, 'as_path': None, 's
ource_as': None}
[Pre] | Paths available to destination: 125.161.0.1
0 125.161.0.1 {'prefix_len': 16, 'next_hop': IPv4Address('134.222.8
7.3'), 'as_path': [286, 3491, 24077, 7713, 17974], 'source_as': 286}
1 125.161.0.1 {'prefix_len': 18, 'next_hop': IPv4Address('134.222.8
7.3'), 'as_path': [286, 6762, 7473, 7713, 17974], 'source_as': 286}
[Pre] | Paths available to destination: 190.44.64.1
0 190.44.64.1 {'prefix_len': 16, 'next_hop': IPv4Address('164.128.3
2.11'), 'as_path': [3303, 3356, 3549, 22047], 'source_as': 3303}
1 190.44.64.1 {'prefix_len': 19, 'next_hop': IPv4Address('164.128.3
2.11'), 'as_path': [3303, 3356, 3549, 22047], 'source_as': 3303}
[Post] | Number of routing table entries: 3364
[Post] | Percentage of IPv4 addresses reachable with our routing tab
le: 1.00339069031%
[Post] | Paths available to destination: 8.8.8.8
0 8.8.8.8 {'prefix_len': None, 'next_hop': None, 'as_path': None, 's
ource_as': None}
[Post] | Paths available to destination: 125.161.0.1
0 125.161.0.1 {'prefix_len': 14, 'next_hop': IPv4Address('134.222.8
7.3'), 'as_path': [286, 3491, 24399, 7713, 17974], 'source_as': 286}
[Post] | Paths available to destination: 190.44.64.1
0 190.44.64.1 {'prefix_len': 14, 'next_hop': IPv4Address('164.128.3
2.11'), 'as_path': [3303, 3356, 3549, 22047], 'source_as': 3303}
Notice several things in the output above.
The number of routing table entries shrunk from 5509 to 3364 (~40% space savings).
The IPv4 address reachability stayed the same.
The paths taken to reach our test destinations stayed the same. The prefix_len attribute
shows that the keys of the routing table collapsed into more general (larger) CIDR blocks.
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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In?[?]:
VI. Task 3: Identifying suspicious BGP announcements [30
points]
Goal: To build a system which identifies BGP announcements which might be associated with route
hijack attempts.
You now have a system to parse BGP updates and update a real routing table! While this is pretty
awesome, the bad news is that a router using your table might be susceptible to BGP hijacks like
the one carried out on YouTube by Pakistan Telecom (see: https://www.cnet.com/news/howdef
task_2_step_5_test():
pu = ParseUpdates(filename="./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPD
rt = RoutingTable()
pu.parse_updates()
updates = pu.get_next_updates()
while True:
next_updates = updates.next()
try:
n_announcements = len(next_updates["announcements"])
except TypeError:
n_announcements = 0
try:
n_withdrawals = len(next_updates["withdrawals"])
except TypeError:
n_withdrawals = 0
if next_updates["timestamp"] == None:
break
for i in range(0, n_announcements):
rt.apply_announcement(next_updates["announcements"][i])
for i in range(0, n_withdrawals):
rt.apply_withdrawal(next_updates["withdrawals"][i])
print("[Pre] | Number of routing table entries: %d" % len(rt.routing_tab
reachability = rt.measure_reachability()
print("[Pre] | Percentage of IPv4 addresses reachable with our routing t
for destination in ["208.65.153.0", "125.161.0.1", "190.44.64.1"]:
paths = rt.find_path_to_destination(destination)
print("[Pre] | Paths available to destination: %s" % destination)
for idx, path in enumerate(paths):
print idx, destination, path
rt.collapse_routing_table()
print("[Post] | Number of routing table entries: %d" % len(rt.routing_ta
reachability = rt.measure_reachability()
print("[Post] | Percentage of IPv4 addresses reachable with our routing
for destination in ["208.65.153.0", "125.161.0.1", "190.44.64.1"]:
paths = rt.find_path_to_destination(destination)
print("[Post] | Paths available to destination: %s" % destination)
for idx, path in enumerate(paths):
print idx, destination, path

task_2_step_5_test()
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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pakistan-knocked-youtube-offline-and-how-to-make-sure-it-never-happens-again/)
(https://www.cnet.com/news/how-pakistan-knocked-youtube-offline-and-how-to-make-sure-itnever-happens-again/)).
In this task you will write code to automatically flag suspicious updates. This way a hijack is less
likely to occur.
You will have more flexibility in how you do your work in this task. Each step only has a description
of the inputs to the method and the outputs that should be generated.
In?[?]:
Step 1: Monitoring route updates to specific prefixes (5 points)
In the real world, we'd have a lot more resources than a single 2GB VM and we'd be able to monitor
all route updates to check for a potential hijack. In our case, we're only going to monitor route
updates to the destinations contained in the within specific CIDR blocks. You will write a method
monitor_updates_to_range to do this.
Name: monitor_updates_to_range
Arguments:
rt (RoutingTable): The RoutingTable instance which will be updated.
filelist (list): Contains the MRT filenames from which updates should be added to rt .
monitored_range (ipaddr.IPv4Network): The CIDR range that we will monitor updates for.
Returns: The updated rt object and all the updates (announcements and withdrawals) which
resulted in changes to the routing table.
You will call this function with the following parameters:
rt : A new RoutingTable instance.
filelist :
["./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPDATES/updates.20080222.0208
monitored_range : ipaddr.IPv4Network('208.65.152.0/22')
Output: Print the announcements which resulted in routing table changes.
In?[?]:
Step 2: Identify suspicious updates (10 points)
You will now write a method is_update_suspicious which will flag suspicious BGP route
announcements. The method will replicate much of the functionality of the
monitor_updates_to_range method. The main addition is that it will screen each update
import glob
def monitor_updates_to_range(rt, filelist, monitored_range):
return
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
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announcing a new route to any destination in a specific IP range. If an announcement is suspicious,
it will not apply it to the routing table. We will say that the announcement is suspicious if it satisfies
both the following conditions:
the AS path appears to terminate at an AS which has never advertised a route to addresses in
this range before
it is for a more specific range than any existing entries in the the routing table
Note: The first announcement for a destination address is not suspicious even if it meets the above
criteria.
Important: You will then flag the AS as suspicious and mark any subsequent route announcements
that have them as the final hop in the AS path as suspicious. You should also monitor the paths
advertised by the victim AS (the last hop in the as_path of the entry that would have been
replaced by the suspicious router).
Name: is_update_suspicious
Arguments:
rt (RoutingTable): The RoutingTable instance which will be updated.
filelist (list): Contains the MRT filenames from which updates should be added to rt .
monitored_range (ipaddr.IPv4Network): The CIDR range that we will monitor updates for.
Returns:
The updated rt object.
A list of updates that were marked as suspicious.
A list of updates that came from an AS which made atleast one suspicious update.
A list of updates that came from an AS that was the victim of the suspicious update (i.e., the
destination AS of the route would have been replaced by the suspicious announcement).
You will call this function with the following parameters:
rt : A new RoutingTable instance.
filelist :
["./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPDATES/updates.20080222.0208
"./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPDATES/updates.20080224.1839.b
"./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPDATES/updates.20080224.2009.b
"./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPDATES/updates.20080224.2026.b
"./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPDATES/updates.20080224.2041.b
"./archive.routeviews.org/bgpdata/2008.02/UPDATES/updates.20080224.2056.b
monitored_range : ipaddr.IPv4Network('208.65.152.0/22')
Output: You will print all the announcements in your returned lists, sorted by their timestamp.
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
http://localhost:8888/notebooks/Downloads/qqq/%5BCS3640%2C%20Assignment%203%5D%20Internet%20Routing.ipynb 26/27
If you implement things correctly, you should see announcements which have AS 17557 and AS
36561 as the final hop for the same range of IP addresses. This is a sign of an ongoing hijack
attempt. Your program should have marked AS 17557 as the suspicious AS and AS 36561 as the
victim AS.
In?[?]:
Step 3: Mapping AS numbers to organizations (5 points)
To be able to tell the story of how a BGP hijack happens, it is always useful to know which
organizations are responsible for the attack and which organizations are impacted by it. To do this,
you need to map the AS numbers to organization names. We'll use data obtained from CAIDA to do
this. You will now write a function as_org_mapper that parses the data and returns a dictionary of
all mappings.
Data: A file containing mappings of ASes to organizations is located in the
~/Desktop/assignment-3/caida-as-org-mappings folder. The README file describes the
format in mappings.txt .
Name: as_org_mapper
Arguments:
mapping_path (str): Path to the CAIDA AS to org mapping.
keyed_by_as (bool): True (default) will cause this function to return a dictionary with AS
numbers as keys. False will cause this function to return a dictionary with organization names
as keys.
Returns: A dictionary of AS to organization mappings.
In:
Step 4: Telling the story of a BGP hijack with data (7 points)
You will now use the dictionary returned by your as_org_mapper to make sense of all the
announcements returned by your is_update_suspicious method. Use the cell below to write
code that presents the story of the hijack observed in our data. You should replace all the AS
numbers with organization names and replace timestamps with UTC human readable time.
Sample output:
def monitor_updates_to_range(rt, filelist, monitored_range):
return
def as_org_mapper(mapping_path, keyed_by_as=True):
return
2018/10/10 [CS3640, Assignment 3] Internet Routing
http://localhost:8888/notebooks/Downloads/qqq/%5BCS3640%2C%20Assignment%203%5D%20Internet%20Routing.ipynb 27/27
utc_time_0: route announcement for <ip range> from suspicious as <or
ganization name> : <as path>
victim as was <as organization>
utc_time_1: route announcement for <ip range> from victim as <organi
zation name> : <as path>
utc_time_2: route announcement fom suspicious as <organization name>
: <as path>
victim as was <as organization>
In:
Step 5: Telling the story of a BGP hijack with words (3 points)
Use your own words to explain your data presented above.
Use this cell to explain what is going on in your data presented above
VII. Task 4: Credit reel! [10 points]
You get 10 points just for submitting this assignment with a well written and formatted credit reel!
Use the following cell to:
tell us what references you used to complete this assignment -- e.g., online documentation,
stackoverflow posts, etc.
who helped you IRL or on Piazza.http://www.6daixie.com/contents/3/1943.html
which team-mates did which parts of the assignment.
Credit reel goes here?

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